Although both institutions declare close cooperation in the matter of outer space, neither has pointed to areas . First, denying covertness by attribution: Until recently, governments did not publicly release details on cyber incidents. Cybersecurity of NATO's Space-based Strategic Assets 2. Space-related threats and risks can vary in form and intensity, ranging from low-end, non-kinetic systems which create reversible effects (such as jamming of communications or GPS signals). Space capability. These factors are intelligence, incident severity, geopolitical context, and post-attribution actions. NATO developed detailed. In terms of NATO's nuclear dimension, the United States, United Kingdom, and France modernize their nuclear arsenals and associated doctrines; the United Kingdom . In 2021, prominent ransomware attacks struck Colonial Pipeline, the operator of the largest fuel pipeline on the East Coast of the United States; JBS, the largest meat processing company in North America; and Coop, a major supermarket chain in Sweden. These vulnerabilities can come from back-door encryption, supply chain security, and personnel and procedural practices, according to the report. Nevertheless, Allied leaders warned at their most recent summit in Brussels in 2018 that cyber threats to the security of the Alliance are becoming more frequent, complex, destructive, and coercive.The enduring challenge yet evolving nature of cyber threats requires that the Alliance continuously evaluate whether it is adapting and responding appropriately. NATO is also deepening its ties to industry through the NATO Industry Cyber Partnership. There is a technical aspect to hardening defenses and building redundancy in data and services,but the core of resilience lies inleadership that does not ignore the problem. In sum, most future conflicts will have cyber components that require a technical, political, and diplomatic response. Organized since 2010, it enables cyber-security experts to enhance their skills in defending national IT systems and critical infrastructure under real-time attacks. The scenarios of cyber responses that are under the Article 5 threshold should be regularly practiced, and the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE) Locked Shields exercise is a good way to do so. A wave of Chinese demonstrations against Beijing's draconian COVID policies is testing President Xi Jinping, and how they develop from here "will be important to Xi's standing," the U.S.'s top intelligence official said. In December 2020, Russian intelligence services infiltrated the digital systems run by US tech firm SolarWinds and inserted malware into its code. Karl-Heinz BRUNNER (Germany) 01 December 2021. Space products are synthesised and processed data used for operations (e.g., satellite images, weather forecasts and satellite reconnaissance advanced notice). During the companys next software update, the virus was inadvertently spread to about 18,000 clients, including large corporations, the Pentagon, the State Department, Homeland Security, the Treasury, and other US government agencies. Even in cases where NATO is not involved in conflict, Allies space systems could be affected; The free access, exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes is in the common interest of all nations. Almost all modern military engagements rely on space-based assets, but cyber vulnerabilities can undermine confidence in the performance of strategic systems. Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, NATO PA resolution 459 Strengthening NATO Cyber Security Defence and Deterrence, also adopted by the Plenary Assembly at the NATO PA Annual Session. Roger McDermott,a leading analyst on Russian military developments, Russias growing technological advances in EW [electronic warfare] will allow its forces to jam, disrupt, and interfere with NATO communications, radar and other sensor systems, unmanned aerial vehicles, and other assets.. Committee Reports. Both NATO and the EU seek to engage with their closest partnersin this case, with one anotherto avoid mirroring potential missions and operations. Is NATO doing enough to address the complexities of cyberspace. focusing on experimentation with integrating kinetics and offensive cyber operations in the context of a modern battlefield. Space data. The article outlines NATO information security policy. Ultimately, what matters is that states engaging in unlawful actions using cyber means will face consequences. incident management dynamics, a key factor in modern cyber defense. While they can offer some advantages in military operations, cyberattacks also have limitations in feasibility and effect. More than 100 U.S. Space Command personnel and 900 total participants took . A space system can include: (1) the space segment (all elements in orbit); 2) the ground segment (ground station and command and control centre); 3) the data links (uplink, downlink and cross-link); and 4) the user segment (decision-makers and deployed forces). This also includes strengthening the political resilience of member states by broadening NATO consultations to include more areas of government. The Vice President commemorated the 100 years of diplomatic relations between the United States and Lithuania and reaffirmed our ironclad commitment to NATO's Article 5. In 2021, Stoltenbergs NATO 2030 included eight of those recommendations to guide the revision of NATOs Strategic Concept.23. After months of waiting, NATO officials have begun to apply some public pressure on Turkey. During the companys next software update, the virus was inadvertently spread to about 18,000 clients, including large corporations, the Pentagon, the State Department, Homeland Security, the Treasury, and other US government agencies. A decision as to when such attacks would lead to the invocation of Article 5 would be taken by the North Atlantic Council on a case-by-case basis. Four sets of actions for NATO are proposed. After a couple of days, however, most of the sites were restored. NATOs value can be in becoming the preferred platform for sharing cyber information. haring information and intelligence with allies builds coalitions and can shine a light on disinformation campaigns, like the one Russia used to lay the groundwork for their invasion of Ukraine. The Associated Press reports that the U.S. Defense Department will announce a new commitment to use offensive and defensive cybersecurity capabilities on behalf of NATO allies. Member states should be rethink defense spending relative to emerging threats and collective security challenges. Loss oftrust intechnology also has implications for determining the source ofamalicious attack (attribution), strategic calculus incrisis decision-making and mayincrease the risk ofmisperception. The main methods used were extortion, ransom demands, payment card theft, and illicit transfers. This means a sharper focus on future responses to high- and low-end cyberattacks along with concrete deterrence actions and tools for individual sectors and target types. These groups try to steal data or extort money through ransomware. How could allies improve intelligence sharing to conduct more rapid attribution and enable a response to adversary cyber activity? The market is expected to grow even more following the NATO announcement, Wild said. The hackers replaced the home pages of about a dozen sites with a threatening message: be afraid and expect worse. After a couple of days, however, most of the sites were restored.8 Space services. Two years later, it is finally possible to analyse the effectiveness of the policy. partner countries can receive support from donors. Finally, when seeking to keep pace with change in this domain, Allies might see benefit in continuing to evaluate how collaboration with industry might evolve both how it shares information and how it procures technologies.The Alliance, in short, should continue on its current path, ensuring that through continued attention and resources, cyberspace can become an ordinary part of business. The use of space has greatly enhanced Allies and NATOs ability to anticipate threats and respond to crises with greater speed, effectiveness and precision. The critical dependency onspace has resulted innew cyber risks that disproportionately affect mission assurance. Merle Maigre is the senior cybersecurity expert at e-Governance Academy in Estonia. As NATO will not develop or acquire any offensive capabilities, it will rely, like in other operational domains, on the voluntary contributions of allies. Secondly, it looks at developments in cyber defense policy within NATO. For NATO, Cyber Coalition 21 is a means to improve the organisation's own Information Technology network protections and fine-tune its mechanisms for real-time information exchange with Allies and partners. How could allies improve intelligence sharing to conduct more rapid attribution and enable a response to adversary cyber activity? It is anticipated that, in 2019, NATOs first cyberspace operations doctrine will be completed, subject to Allied approval, which will provide guidance to NATO commanders. In January 2020, the Allied Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations was published to plan, execute, and assess cyberspace operations in the context of allied joint operations., At the Warsaw summit, NATO heads of state and government signed a Cyber Defence Pledge, in which they outlined how nations protect their cyber networks. NATO should also make more use of its Cyber Range, a platform for NATO exercises and training in Estonia operated by the Estonian Ministry of Defense. Cyber-specific exercises are being continually updated in light of changed policy and doctrine. It is now time to build upon this set and develop concrete steps at the political, military, and technical levels to model alliance behavior according to the threat landscape. The international hacktivist collective Anonymous has declared cyberwar against Russias government, claiming credit for several cyber incidents including distributed denial of service attacks that took down Russian government websites and Russia Today, the state-backed news service. In a joint communique issued following the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's 31st summit in Brussels, the leaders of NATO's 30 member states stated that cyberattacks on any member, as well as attacks on member space capabilities or attacks from . In 2016, the Secretary General of NATO came together with the Presidents of the European Council and European Commission to issue a Joint Declaration on NATO-EU Cooperation. NATO and Allies will continue to carry out all activities in outer space in accordance with international law, including the UN Charter, in the interest of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international cooperation and understanding, Space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, Allies will retain jurisdiction and control over their objects in space, Considering that the Alliance is not aiming to develop space capabilities of its own. Eppenbergerdigital.com. But is NATO doing enough to address the complex and evolving challenges of cyberspace? Building cyber-security capacity should focus on partners ability to respond to and recover from cyber incidents. Norwegian authorities later identified Russia as the actor responsible for the attack, marking the first time that Norwegian authorities had made a political attribution to such an attack. But is it doing enough to address the complex and evolving challenges of cyberspace? Cyber Security. opinion, analysis and debate on security issues, NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Center of Excellence, communications and information programmes, The Alliances evolving posture: towards a theory of everything. The non-military nature of many future security challenges plays to EU strengths, and it proves a natural partner to NATO in areas such as cybersecurity, space, and resilience. Atos supports NATO in refreshing its cybersecurity capabilities Paris, France and Brasov, Romania - June 29, 2022 Atos today announced it has been awarded a 1.2 million euros contract by the NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCI Agency) to install and configure mission critical cybersecurity capabilities and systems at 22 NATO sites. What challenges does NATO face in achieving this purpose? Analysis of the NATO Madrid Summit, 29-30 June 2022. Attribution is only as good as the information that allies are willing to share. targeting multiple Ukrainian organizations just hours before the Russian invasion began; and CaddyWiper, spotted by researchers at the Slovak internet security company ESET in mid-March. Another course of action for NATO in cyber security is to increase its cyber capacity-building efforts for partner countries of strategic importance, reinforcing NATOs commitment to partners and projecting stability in NATOs neighborhood. In February 2018, NATO defense ministers established the Cyberspace Operations Centre (CyOC) as part of NATOs SHAPE Command Structure, with the aim of integrating the allies cyber capabilities into NATO military-operations planning. s to model alliance behavior according to the threat landscape. Whether the adversary is a states elite unit or a criminal group rendering ransomware as a service, cyber security is about risk management and solid, pragmatic defense and response measures to improve the security of the digital environment. Laura Brent currently serves in NATOs Emerging Security Challenges Division and has previously held cyber policy roles in both the public and private sectors, addressing complex strategy, policy and operational challenges in varied and fast-changing environments. The information acquired, produced and provided by space systems or relayed to or through space systems necessary for the provision of space-based products and services. The actors navigate a complex web of ambiguous and deeply interconnected challenges, where cyberattacks are not a separate front, but rather an extension of the conflict. While CyOC operates within the existing NATO frameworks, its main aim is to equip the Supreme Allied Commander Europe with any necessary tools to operate in cyberspace.21 On the day of the Russian invasion, ViaSat, a provider of high-speed satellite broadband services, was hacked along with one of its satellites Ka-Sat, whose users included Ukraines armed forces, police, and intelligence service. "DISA is the tip of the spear for NATO cybersecurity," he declares. NATO: "Case By Case" Decisions On Whether Cyber and Space Attacks Could Trigger Article 5. This overarching NATO space policy is based on a number of principles and tenets which are consistent with those of the Alliances overall posture: Space is essential to coherent Alliance deterrence and defence; Space is an inherently global environment and any conflict that extends into space has the potential to affect all users of space. November 9, 2022. Four sets of actions for NATO are proposed. The NATO Cyber Command would be responsible for matching military needs with the willingness and capabilities of the nations potentially able to deliver such effects.31 Around the globe, aging critical infrastructure has long been vulnerable to attack. Many aspects remain uncertain, but given the unpredictability of the Putin regime, the risk of an escalation in hostile cyber exchanges between Russia and NATO states remains high. #NATO #CyberSecurity #Cyber" With attribution, policymakers show that they know what is happening in these networks and can investigate incidents. Positioning, navigation and timing is essential in all NATO missions. In 2021, prominent ransomware attacks struck Colonial Pipeline, the operator of the largest fuel pipeline on the East Coast of the United States; JBS, the largest meat processing company in North America; and Coop, a major supermarket chain in Sweden. Effective public attribution requires a clear understanding of the attributed cyber operation and the cyber-threat actor, but also the broader geopolitical environment, allied positions and activities, and the legal context. Defining the requirements for industry partners will establish the necessary alignments to pursue vital areas for advanced technologies, he says. At the major #NATO's warfare development conference Gen. Chris Badia, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Transformation @NATO_ACT noted: "We as NATO have to provide the required capabilities in a common effort with Allies, especially in space and cyber domains." #WeAreNATO . The alliance should clarify which allies are responsible for offensive cyber operations against certain targets and the information-sharing and notification requirements. It covers a series of aspects, including the mutual dependence between NATO's command, control and communication systems (NC3) for its conventional and nuclear capabilities, and the legal consequences of an attack on dual-purpose . Itrequests access toproducts and services such asspace weather reports and satellite overflight reports provided via satellite reconnaissance advance notice systems but does not have direct access tosatellites: itis upto individual NATO member states todetermine whether they allow access. Since then, it has grown into a strong, international knowledge hub for cyber defense, bringing together top cyber experts across fieldsgovernment, military, industry, and academiafrom 29 nations for interdisciplinary research, training, and exercises in four focus areas: technology, strategy, operations, and law. In their most recent report at the Brussels Summit, Allies highlighted the continued utility of the Pledge it has brought senior political attention to cyber defence issues and has encouraged intra-government collaboration within Allied nations.Responding to below-the-threshold cyber attacksAllies are also taking steps to consider how to more systematically respond to malicious cyber activity that falls below the threshold of armed conflict. Building on the success of Baltic Ghost, regular cyber exercises should take place in multinational NATO battlegroups, led by the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, and the United States, in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. Two main strands of NATO activity are addressing this: first, the implementation of cyberspace as a domain of operations and, second, the enactment of the Cyber Defence Pledge. Strategy and guidance is also maturing. By Dr. Ian Davis, NATO Watch. Russia sees EW as a seamless whole, ranging from kinetic combat operations on the battlefield to missions in cyberspace and the information domain.18 Space is the volume beyond the upper limits of airspace9. NATO should also make more use of its Cyber Range, a platform for NATO exercises and training in Estonia operated by the Estonian Ministry of Defense. In parallel, the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE) was accredited as a NATO Centre of Excellence in 2008. How our national cyber-security strategies are translated into policies and procedures needs to be understood by all stakeholders. In mid-January, hackers defaced about 70 Ukrainian websites, including the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Energy, Education, and Science, as well as the State Emergency Service and the Ministry of Digital Transformation, whose e-governance portal gives the Ukrainian public digital access to dozens of government services. Cyber and Space Security Conference 2021, on 10 -11 November, explores opportunities for solving current and future challenges related to protecting space assets and data. Shared understanding of the operational space-related environment, threats and vulnerabilities that encompasses the functional areas: Space Situational Awareness (SSA), Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR), Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT), Satellite Communications (SATCOM), Meteorological Services (METOC), Shared Early Warning (SEW), with regard to the implications for NATOs ability to conduct operations, missions and activities in other domains. NATO announced plans Wednesday for a commitment to create a rapid response cyber force and to bolster military partnerships with civil society and industry to respond to cyber threats. In recognition of this security environment, the United States has reemphasized the importance of international engagement, and the . As the CyOC moves towards first initial then final operating capacity, it will be critical that it is resourced with sufficient and sufficiently expert personnel. The shared view [of the countries involved]especially when it comes to complicated issuesis crucial, said Urmas Reinsalu, Foreign Minister of Estonia.29. Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Centre (EADRCC), NATO Public Diplomacy Divisions Co-Sponsorship Grants, Space is increasingly important for the Alliances and Allies security and prosperity. . The CyOC, for example, is the most significant aspect of adapting the NATO Command Structure for cyberspace. At the 2012 NATO summit in Chicago, allied leaders reaffirmed their commitment to improving the alliances cyber defenses by bringing all of NATOs networks under centralized protection. Over the past fifteen years, NATOs approach to cyber issues has evolved from addressing cyber defense in primarily technical terms to viewing it as essential to the alliances strategic context. In 2021, Stoltenbergs NATO 2030 included eight of those recommendations to guide the revision of NATOs Strategic Concept. 2021 Brussels Summit Communique, paragraph 33. At the Madrid Summit in June, Allies reaffirmed . Secondly, it looks at developments in cyber defense policy within NATO. Greaterpublicknowledgeof cyberattacks heightens awareness of cyber conflicts and leadsto greater public acceptance of cyber countermeasures. Around the globe, aging critical infrastructure has long been vulnerable to attack. The eyes and ears of the respective commanders in cyberspace, CyOC aims at enhancing situational awareness in cyberspace and helping integrate cyber into NATOs planning and operations at all levels. During the Nordic-Baltic foreign ministers meeting in Tallinn in September 2020, a 90-minute tabletop exercise was organized, to test the ministers ability to respond to and attribute an escalating cyberattack. NATO requires space systems in the following functional areas: Space situational awareness is required to understand the operational environment, which enhances the Alliance's strategic anticipation and resilience. The third action focuses on building resilience, . This will certainly require more transatlantic consultation on political-military matters with an emphasis on cyber security and cyber defense. Cyber NATO forging cyber response force amid growing Russian, Chinese threats By Colin Demarest Thursday, Jun 30 WASHINGTON NATO will establish a program to quickly respond to cyberattacks and other malign activity in the digital domain, while pledging to boost Ukraine's cyber defenses amid relentless Russian attacks. NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE) was accredited as a NATO Centre of Excellence in 2008. NATO is set to issue strategic documents in 2022 that will guide the next decade of its military planning. Senior officials from NATO and the European Union meet to take stock of recent activities and explore further areas for engagement on cyber defence 10 December 2018. Chatham House is a world-leading policy institute with a mission to help governments and societies build a sustainably secure, prosperous and just world. Whether the adversary is a states elite unit or a criminal group rendering ransomware as a service, cyber security is about risk management and solid, pragmatic defense. Public debates on burden sharing within NATO for too long have focused on how much member states spend on defense in isolation, without adequate prioritizing where those funds are going. by Naomi Cooper November 14, 2022 1 min read Anne Neuberger, deputy national security adviser for cyber and emerging technologies at the White House, has called on NATO members to be more. At the Brussels summit in 2021, the allies endorsed a new Comprehensive Cyber Defense Policy highlighting collaboration as necessary to strong cyber defense, which recognized that the impact of significant malicious cumulative cyber activities might, in certain circumstances, be considered as amounting to an armed attack.24 Space situational awareness is required to understand the operational environment, which enhances the Alliances strategic anticipation and resilience. Today, access to, and use of, space is no longer the prerogative of a few nations that are technically capable of launching and operating a spacecraft. A good plan requires practice. Space domain awareness. Overall, this would give more credibility to its cyber defense. Since the beginning of this year, Ukraines government has been hit by a series of cyberattacks that defaced government websites and wiped out the data on some government computers. The spread of angry protests and the government's repressive response to them are "countering . Any threat toasatellites control system oravailable bandwidth poses adirect challenge tonational critical assets. It is the basis, under international law, for countermeasures and self-defense. Most space capabilities are dual use, serving civilian/commercial as well as military purposes, often at the same time, further adding to the complexity of the space domain. The shared view [of the countries involved]. However, after Estonias digital infrastructure was hit by cyberattacks in 2007, NATO admitted that a confrontation between states might involve a cyber dimension, and. Another set of threats comes in the form of belligerent state actors that seek to steal sensitive data for espionage. Under the auspices of this declaration, as well as a technical arrangement concluded between the incident response teams of NATO and the European Union, the two organisations have increased their collaboration, notably in such areas as information exchange, training, research, and exercises. The alliances current Strategic Concept dates back to the Lisbon summit in 2010. In September 2020, the internal email system of Norways parliament was hacked.6 This kind of cyber capacity-building could, include various types of support, ranging from strategic advice and, to education and training or advice and assistance. But is it doing enough to address the complex and evolving challenges of cyberspace? The eyes and ears of the respective commanders in cyberspace, CyOC aims at enhancing situational awareness in cyberspace and helping integrate cyber into NATOs planning and operations at all levels. The need to strengthen capabilities and to defend against cyberattacks was first acknowledged by allied leaders at their 2002 summit meetings in Prague.19 Required Security Clearance: NATO Secret One key is the adoption of standards for space cyber links. As CyOC moves toward initial then final operating capacity, it will be critical that it is staffed with sufficientand sufficiently expertpersonnel.22. NATOs ability to send a collective message of resistance and to establish a credible threat response is its most valuable asset on the cyber-security front. Satellite navigation and commercial services are also used for planning and targeting by potential adversaries, including by non-state actors. There is a need to extend the information-sharing practices used in civilian circles to partner countries military CERTs. in establishing mechanisms and processes to exchange information between civilian CERTs, such cooperation and communication channels are much less developed in the military domain due in large part to the high sensitivity of the information. In 2020, the UKs National Cyber Security Centre issued a warning of Russian attacks on millions of routers, firewalls, and devices used by infrastructure operators and government agencies.10. cyber exercise Baltic Ghost originated from a series of cyber defense workshops in 2013, and should be expanded to include all NATO battlegroups in the Baltics and Poland, is facilitated by the United States European Command, Maryland, Michigan, and Pennsylvania Army National Guards, . NATO Allies have affirmed that international law applies in cyberspace. The CyOC serves as NATOs theatre component for cyberspace and is responsible for providing cyberspace situational awareness, centralised planning for the cyberspace aspects of Alliance operations and missions, and coordination for cyberspace operational concerns. The set of action for NATO for the next five years evolves around how to impose costs and how to deny benefits against malicious actors in cyberspace. In March 2020, attempts to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus led to social distancing measures, travel restrictions, and remote work. Two main strands of NATO activity are addressing this: first, the implementation of cyberspace as a domain of operations and, second, the enactment of the Cyber Defence Pledge.Cyberspace as a domain of operationsSince the Allies recognised cyberspace as a domain of operations in 2016, NATO has achieved several important milestones. NATO will seek to complement and add value to the work of Allies and to engage with other relevant international organisations, as appropriate, avoiding unnecessary duplication of effort. Space-based architecture isfundamental tothe provision ofdata and services ineach ofthese contexts. The alliance should clarify which allies are responsible for offensive cyber operations against certain targets and the information-sharing and notification requirements. A Swedish soldier goes onboard a military boat during the Baltic Operations NATO military drills (Baltops 22) on June 11, 2022, in the . Norwegian authorities later identified Russia as the actor responsible for the attack, marking the first time that Norwegian authorities had made a political attribution to such an attack. It also clearly spells out unacceptable behavior and can help create state practice. 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