science geek ions and compound formulas

a. SparkNotes SAT Chemistry Chemical Formulas Review. The simplest of these are binary compounds, those containing only two elements, but we will also consider how to name ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions, and one specific, very important class of compounds known as acids (subsequent chapters in this text will focus on these compounds in great detail). Test your knowledge of the entire course with a 50 question practice final exam. The similarity may be more than mere coincidence; many scientists think that the first forms of life on Earth arose in the oceans. Explore the intricacies of the octet rule and learn about the Lewis structures of atoms. Write the chemical formula for a simple ionic compound. It would initially be given the symbol Ubn (Un-Bi-Nilium, or 1-2-0-ium). Find two consecutive odd integers such that twice the greater is 17 more than the lesser. Since inert gases like helium, none, and argon are monoatomic, they have the same symbols. 3 Ways to Name Chemical Compounds wikiHow. If we look at the ionic compound consisting of lithium ions and bromide ions, we see that the lithium ion has a 1+ charge and the bromide ion has a 1 charge. It also tells us that one molecule of water comprises of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Names and formulas of ionic compounds Learn Naming monatomic ions and ionic compounds Common polyatomic ions Polyatomic ions Naming ionic compound with polyvalent ion Worked example: Finding the formula of an ionic compound Naming ions and ionic compounds Practice Predict the charge on monatomic ions Get 3 of 4 questions to level up! Writing Ionic Compound Formulas Binary amp Polyatomic June 23rd, 2018 - In this lesson you will learn how to write the chemical formulas for both binary ionic compounds and polyatomic ionic compounds . Leave out all charges and all subscripts that are 1. Ions and Compound Formulas Practice Multiple-choice exercise. The Hebrew Alphabet theoriginoflanguage com. Ionic compounds are formed by cation-anion pairs in electrically neutral ratios. Second, if you recognize the formula of a polyatomic ion in a compound, the compound is ionic. A binary ionic compound is composed of ions of two different elements - one of which is a metal, and the other a nonmetal. Write the formula for sodium combined with sulfur. In the solid state, ionic compounds are in crystal lattice containing many ions each of the cation and anion. Ionic and molecular compounds are named using somewhat-different methods. For example, NO3 is the nitrate ion; it has one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms and an overall 1 charge. A crystal contains a three-dimensional array of alternating positive and negative ions. Acids are an important class of compounds containing hydrogen and having special nomenclature rules. One molecule of hydrogen element includes two hydrogen atoms, according to the formula H2. Chemical formulas are shorthand ways to represent the number and type of atoms in a compound or molecule, such as H2O for water or NaCl for sodium chloride, or salt. Thus, we write Ca(NO, Sodium is a metal, and oxygen is a nonmetal; therefore, Na, Both phosphorus and chlorine are nonmetals. Most of the transition metals can form two or more cations with different charges. Thus, the formula for this ionic compound is Fe 2 O 3. If more than one of a particular polyatomic ion is needed to balance the charge, the entire formula for the polyatomic ion must be enclosed in parentheses, and the numerical subscript is placed outside the parentheses. Ionic compounds form when positive and negative ions share electrons and form an ionic bond. (Remember that the convention for writing formulas for ionic compounds is not to include the ionic charge.) For example,\(\ce{CaBr2}\) contains a metallic element (calcium, a group 2 [or 2A] metal) and a nonmetallic element (bromine, a group 17 [or 7A] nonmetal). Chemical formulae of ions An ion is a charged particle formed when an atom, or a group of atoms, loses or gains electrons. Chemical Formula: Help With Chemical Formula, Education: Writing Formulas and Transition Metals Nomenclature. This combination is written as AlF, Iron can form two possible ions, but the ion with a 3+ charge is specified here. Therefore, \(\ce{Na2O}\) is expected to be ionic via method 1. b. Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. Because the overall compound must be electrically neutral, decide how many of each ion is needed in order for the positive and negative charge to cancel each other out. Classes. Write the positive ion of metal first, and the negative ion Ba2+ Cl Cl 3. K 1+ Br 1-. ? Name the following ionic compounds, which contain a metal that can have more than one ionic charge: The anions in these compounds have a fixed negative charge (S2, Se2 , N3, Cl, and \(\ce{SO4^2-}\)), and the compounds must be neutral. Nitric Acid. You can use a periodic table to reference the symbols you cant memorize. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. Choose the correct answer for each question. Skip to content Courses@25% Off Sale Tutorials Jobs Practice Contests Sign In Sign In Home Saved Videos Courses For Working Professionals Sale For Students Sale Complete Preparation Packages Sale Leave out all subscripts that are 1. Chemical formulas describe the atoms involved in substances or compounds. Anyone can earn credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. Some of these compounds, where they are found, and what they are used for are listed in Table. definition mole explained molar mass mol . 12 terms. You might be given a name of a compound, such as sodium chloride, and you must determine which atoms are present. Naming ions and ionic compounds video Khan Academy. Shorthand was a very popular way of recording speech, especially in dictating letters and in court testimony. Roman numerals in parentheses, as seen in iron(II), denote charges, a +2 in this case. A Computer Science portal for geeks. These two compounds are then unambiguously named iron(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride, respectively. Although it is convenient to think that NaCl crystals are composed of individual NaCl units, Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows that no single ion is exclusively associated with any other single ion. An example is Ba(NO3)2. It is denoted by 'P'. thousands off your degree. School Guide: Roadmap For School Students, Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course, What is a Chemical Formula? The simplest name, iron chloride, will, in this case, be ambiguous, as it does not distinguish between these two compounds. Learn about the Lewis structure and the structural formula, and see some examples of how these are used in representing compounds. Browse videos, articles, and exercises by topic. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. As you practice writing chemical formulas, you will become familiar with chemical nomenclature, or terms used to describe compounds. The compound under discussion is clearly describedso that there can be no confusion about its identity. 1. The numbers of ions in a formula must give an equal number of positive and negative charges. We could write the chemical formula for this ionic compound as MgClCl, but the convention is to use a numerical subscript when there is more than one ion of a given typeMgCl2. Question 2: What is the importance of the formula H2O of water? The configuration of noble gases is stable, thus they do not need to combine with other atoms. If you're asked to balance an ionic compound such as Iron (III) Hydroxide, write down the formula. Learn four types of formulas (Molecular, Empirical, Structural, Condensed structural) and examples of how each is used to explain compounds in unique ways. In contrast, the compound NO2 contains two elements that are both nonmetals (nitrogen, from group 5A, and oxygen, from group 6A). To name an inorganic compound, we need to consider the answers to several questions. The above compound is HNO3. This is to show that the subscript applies to the entire polyatomic ion. Ionic compound formulas are written using the lowest ratio of ions. Khan Academy is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Question 4: In the formula HNO3, what do the symbols, H, N, and O3 mean? There are even more practice exams available in CEOE Physical Science: Compounds & Formulas. Water is a compound with two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom in each molecule. K 2+ Br 2 1-. ? There are several rules to follow when writing chemical formulas, so the process can be rather complex. Definition, Types, Examples, Mean, Median, Mode, and Range - Statistics | Class 9 Maths. By convention, the lowest whole number ratio is used in the formulas of ionic compounds. The resulting charged species is referred to as an ion. Write the symbol and charge of the cation (metal) first and the anion (nonmetal) second. 2. Compound Formula Carbon monoxide Diphosphorus pentoxide Dinitrogen monoxide Silicon dioxide Carbon tetrabromide Sulfur dioxide Phosphorus pentabromide Iodine trichoride Nitrogen triiodide Dinitrogen trioxide Part 2B: Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Compound Formula N2O4 SO3 NO NO2 As2O5 PCl3 CCl4 H2O SeF6 Compound Name Learn how to name binary and polyatomic ionic compounds, and see some examples of naming these types of compounds. For example, iron (III) iodide, FeI 3, is composed of iron ions, Fe 3+ (elemental iron is a metal), and iodide ions, I- (elemental iodine is a nonmetal). nitride and sulfide, respectively. Learn the definition of an ionic compound, explore its formation and properties, and discover how lattice energy makes iconic compounds stronger. Compounds between metal and nonmetal elements are usually ionic. In the previous example, you would write MgO because there is only one atom of each element; notice you do not use the subscript 1 for only one atom. A proper ionic formula has a cation and an anion in it; an ionic compound is never formed between two cations only or two anions only. Pretend that a new alkaline earth metal, with an atomic number of 120 is produced. To better understand what a chemical formula means, we must consider how an ionic compound is constructed from its ions. Combine the symbols to form MgO, the formula for magnesium oxide. The opposite charges attract, and the oppositely charged ions form . Ionic and molecular compounds are named using somewhat-different methods. Because these ions contain more than one atom, they are called polyatomic ions. Balance charge with + and - ions 2. If you could react this new atom with the already synthesized halogen, Uus (Ununseptium, 117), what would be the formula of the ionic compound that they would form? Because the overall compound must be electrically neutral, decide how many of each ion is needed in order for the positive and negative charges to cancel each other out. The formula for aluminum nitride is \(\ce{AlN}\). Ionic bonds form instead of covalent bonds when there is a large difference in electronegativity between the ions. Ionic compounds exist as alternating positive and negative ions in regular, three-dimensional arrays called crystals (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Recommended Videos 2,512 Assessment. Use a multiplier to make the total charge of the cations and anions equal to each other. Write formulas for the binary ionic compounds formed between the following pairs of elements: Write the formula and give the name for the compound formed by the following ions. The 2 multiplies the entire H2O formula rather than just the first element. This TI-Nspire question set (.tns) has assessment questions relating to Chemistry: Chemical Formulas. In other words, the formula of a compound tells us the kind of atoms present in one molecule of the compound, as well as the number of atoms of various elements present. Since the ions have charges that are equal in magnitude, one of each will be the lowest ratio of ions in the formula. Learn how to write ionic compound formulas for binary and polyatomic compounds and explore some examples of both. Each ion is surrounded by ions of opposite charge. Write the formulas for aluminum nitride and lithium oxide. Therefore, the proper formula for this ionic compound is MgO. A chemical formula is a concise list of the elements in a compound and the ratios of these elements. The name of the metal is written first, followed by the name of the nonmetal with its ending changed to - ide. Other examples are provided in Table \(\PageIndex{3}\). While representing a compound in a chemical equation, its chemical formula is important. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. There are no unique equations for the metals; they are all represented by their symbols. Remember that in an ionic compound, the component species are ions, not neutral atoms, even though the formula does not contain charges. The correct formula for mercury(II) sulfate is: A : Hg 2+ (SO 4 1-) 2 : B : Hg 2 2+ SO 4 2- C : Hg 2+ SO 4 2- D : Hg 2+ SO 3 2-Close Window: OK . Finally, the proper formula for an ionic compound always obeys the following rule: the total positive charge must equal the total negative charge. Signs of the charges are dropped. Cara Batema is a musician, teacher and writer who specializes in early childhood, special needs and psychology. Sodium is a metal, and oxygen is a nonmetal. - Definition, Types & Examples, The Octet Rule and Lewis Structures of Atoms, Ions: Predicting Formation, Charge, and Formulas of Ions, Ionic Compounds: Formation, Lattice Energy and Properties, Naming Ionic Compounds: Simple Binary, Transition Metal & Polyatomic Ion Compounds, Writing Ionic Compound Formulas: Binary & Polyatomic Compounds, Covalent Compounds: Properties, Naming & Formation, Lewis Structures: Single, Double & Triple Bonds. On the other hand, to balance magnesium chloride, written MgCl2, you need two chlorine atoms per one magnesium atom; the 2 is written as a subscript next to Cl to indicate two chlorine atoms. OSAT Physical Science (CEOE) (013): Practice & Study Guide, What is a Chemical Formula? Lessons in We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Reading Readiness This course is . Legal. H 2 SO 4 + Mg 2 Si titration. The formation of the ionic compound occurs with the entire transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal. Therefore, it is most likely an ionic compound. Browse 500 sets of science ionic compounds formulas flashcards. This rule is ultimately based on the fact that matter is, overall, electrically neutral. She holds a bachelor's degree in music therapy and creative writing. 2022 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Thus, NaCl is the chemical formula for sodium chloride, which is a concise way of describing the relative number of different ions in the compound. A crystal of sodium chloride, shown here, is a collection of alternating sodium and chlorine ions. Group 13 metals form + 3 ions. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. http www glencoe com sites common assets science virtual labs E22 E22 html May 5th, 2018 - . As you can see, there are no individual NaCl particles in the array; instead, there is a continuous lattice of alternating sodium and chloride ions. Write the formula for the ionic compound that will form between Ba2+ and Cl . Also note that this combination of nitrogen and oxygen has no electric charge specified, so it is not the nitrite ion. Most of the Earth's rocks and minerals are ionic compounds. Second, charges are not written in a formula. The chemical formulas and elements found in several common molecular compounds are listed below. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Polyatomic ions have characteristic formulas, names, and charges that should be memorized. Similarly, oxygens molecular formula is O2, nitrogens molecular formula is N2, and chlorines molecular formula is Cl2. For example, NO3 is the nitrate ion; it has one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms and an overall 1 charge. In this case, two lithium ions are required to balance out the charge of one oxide ion. Signs of the charges are dropped. For example, consider binary ionic compounds of iron and chlorine. A chemical formula is a technique of presenting information on the chemical proportions of atoms that make up a chemical compound or molecule using chemical element symbols, numbers, and other symbols like parentheses, dashes, brackets, and commas. Iron typically exhibits a charge of either 2+ or 3+ (see [link]), and the two corresponding compound formulas are FeCl2 and FeCl3. Magnesium, or Mg, has a +2 charge, and oxide, which refers to oxygen, has a -2 charge. The composition of a molecule of a substance is represented by a chemical formula in terms of the symbols representing the elements contained in the molecule. WebAssign. The ions are: \[\ce{Al^{3+}} \: \: \: \: \: \ce{N^{3-}}\nonumber \]. The N a ion has a +1 charge and the SO4 ion has a 2 charge. 2H2O, for example, indicates two water molecules. Groups of atoms with an overall charge, called polyatomic ions, also exist. Look at the label or ingredients list on the various products that you use during the next few days, and see if you run into any of those in this table, or find other ionic compounds that you could now name or write as a formula. This is a clue that the other part of the formula, Ba, is actually the Ba2+ ion, with the 2+ charge balancing the overall 2 charge from the two nitrate ions. Covalent compounds created from two nonmetals are easy to write from their name. 1.9: Formulas for Ionic Compounds is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Proper chemical formulas for ionic compounds balance the total positive charge with the total negative charge. First, compounds between metal and nonmetal elements are usually ionic. Solution: 1. Coordination compounds are chemical compounds composed of an array of anions or neutral molecules linked by coordinate covalent bonds to a central atom. Since the sum of +2 and -2 is O, you end up with only one atom each of magnesium and oxygen. Metals joined to nonmetals form ionic compound. For example, you may see the words stannous fluoride on a tube of toothpaste. Thus, this compound is also ionic. Chemical formulas are shorthand ways to represent the number and type of atoms in a compound or molecule, such as H 2 O for water or NaCl for sodium chloride, or salt. Chapter 29: CEOE Physical Science: Compounds & Formulas, Test your knowledge with a 30-question chapter practice test. To balance the positive and negative charges, we look to the least common multiple6: two iron 3+ ions will give 6+, while three 2 oxygen ions will give 6, thereby balancing the overall positive and negative charges. These charges are used in the names of the metal ions: Write the formulas of the following ionic compounds: (a) CrP; (b) HgS; (c) Mn3(PO4)2; (d) Cu2O; (e) CrF6. 2. Level up on all the skills in this unit and collect up to 400 Mastery points! Get all GeeksforGeeks Courses@25% Off + Additional Cashback Upto 1500 INR Claim Deal! Write the symbol and charge of the cation (metal) first and the anion (nonmetal) second. Legal. It is not an ionic compound; it belongs to the category of covalent compounds discussed elsewhere. Explore the actions of polyatomic ions and learn how to visualize them through the lens of the Lewis dot structure. Both phosphorus and chlorine are nonmetals. Questions on compounds and formulas can be found in the Structure of Matter and Changes in Matter section of the CEOE Physical Science exam, a multiple-choice subarea that takes up approximately 29 percent of the exam. For example, CaBr2 contains a metallic element (calcium, a group 2A metal) and a nonmetallic element (bromine, a group 7A nonmetal). Molar mass or molecular weight is defined as the mass of 1 mole in grams. In contrast, the compound \(\ce{NO2}\) contains two elements that are both nonmetals (nitrogen, from group 15 [or 5A], and oxygen, from group 16 [or 6A]. Two-element ionic compounds include sodium chloride or table salt. Instead of trying to write out all the words, the person taking the dictation would use a set of symbols that represented syllables or words. . In the case of physical ionization in a fluid (gas or liquid), "ion pairs" are created by spontaneous molecule collisions, where each generated pair consists of a free electron and a positive ion. Cancel the spectator ions on both sides . annavdh_2002. This unit is part of the Chemistry library. The octet rule and the Lewis dot structure both provide valuable insight into the organization of an atom's valence electrons. Also, 2H denotes two separate hydrogen atoms, H2 denotes one hydrogen molecule, and 2H2 denotes two hydrogen molecules. An elements or a compounds chemical formula can be used. A Computer Science portal for geeks. Covalent or molecular compounds form when elements share electrons in a covalent bond to form molecules. Here the sodium ion, N a +, is a positive ion, so it is attracted to the chlorine atom (ion), C l-, which has a negative charge, and the ionic bond is formed. Leave out all subscripts that are 1. Use the multipliers as subscript for each ion. This formula indicates that this compound is made up of twice as many sodium ions as sulfide ions. Ionic compounds, both binary and polyatomic, contain positively-charged cations and negatively-charged anions. To write chemical formulas, acquaint yourself with chemical symbols, most easily found on the periodic table of elements. The number and sign of its electrical charges are shown in superscript. Titration between H2SO4 and Mg2Si cannot be predicted as acid-base reaction though H2SO4 is a strong acid. We have already encountered some chemical formulas for simple ionic compounds. Finally, combine the two ions to form an electrically neutral compound. We will need two potassium ions to balance the charge on the sulfate ion, so the proper chemical formula is K, Calcium ions have a charge of 2+, while nitrate ions have a charge of 1. Though this naming convention has been largely abandoned by the scientific community, it remains in use by some segments of industry. Chemistry contains a number of rules and formulas for use inside the lab as well as for students and their homework. Choose from 500 different sets of science formulas naming compounds flashcards on Quizlet. This difference is significant because the hydrogen carbonate ion and some related ions have a crucial role in controlling the acid-base properties of blood. Because these ions contain more than one atom, they are called polyatomic ions. Learn science formulas naming compounds with free interactive flashcards. A Computer Science portal for geeks. name to get phosphide as the name of the ion Therefore the name for the compound is magnesium phosphide Quiz Names and formulas of ionic compounds Quia Naming . We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Polyatomic ions article Khan Academy. This chemical formula says that there are one magnesium ion and two chloride ions in this formula. As a result, noble gases such as He, Li, and others exist in nature as single atoms. The ions for the compound lithium oxide are: \[\ce{Li^+} \: \: \: \: \: \ce{O^{2-}}\nonumber \]. Different professions also use a type of shorthand in communication to save time. A chemical formula is a representation of a substances molecular composition in terms of the symbols representing the components that make up the molecule. Ionic compound formulas are written using the lowest ratio of ions. First, the cation is written before the anion. By convention, the lowest whole-number ratio of the ions is used in ionic formulas. In molecular formulae, the elements are denoted by their respective symbols (as in the periodic table) and the number of atoms of each element in the molecule is written in subscript. This module describes an approach that is used to name simple ionic and molecular compounds, such as NaCl, CaCO3, and N2O4. The red arrows indicate that the 3 from the \(3+\) charge will cross over to become the subscript of the \(\ce{O}\). HCl. All rights reserved. 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\newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Aluminum Nitride and Lithium Oxide, Example \(\PageIndex{2}\): The Crisscross Method for Lead (IV) Oxide, Example \(\PageIndex{3}\): Sulfur Compound, Example \(\PageIndex{4}\): Calcium Nitrate, 5.4: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds, Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions, 1.4: The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think, Chapter 2: Measurement and Problem Solving, 2.2: Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers, 2.3: Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision, 2.6: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions, 2.7: Solving Multistep Conversion Problems, 2.10: Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map, 2.E: Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises), 3.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas, 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition, 3.5: Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties, 3.6: Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes, 3.7: Conservation of Mass: There is No New Matter, 3.9: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change, 3.10: Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms, 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations, 4.4: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons, 4.5: Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons, 4.6: Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table, 4.8: Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies, 4.9: Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms, 5.2: Compounds Display Constant Composition, 5.3: Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds, 5.11: Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit, 6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors, 6.6: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds, 6.7: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula, 6.8: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds, 6.9: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds, 7.1: Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents, 7.4: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations, 7.5: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water, 7.6: Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid, 7.7: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations, 7.8: AcidBase and Gas Evolution Reactions, Chapter 8: Quantities in Chemical Reactions, 8.1: Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide, 8.3: Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions, 8.4: Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions, 8.5: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield, 8.6: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants, 8.7: Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction, Chapter 9: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table, 9.1: Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom, 9.5: The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals, 9.6: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations, 9.7: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table, 9.8: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model, 9.9: Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character, 10.2: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots, 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred, 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared, 10.5: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds, 10.6: Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule, 10.8: Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Dont Mix, 11.2: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases, 11.3: Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions, 11.5: Charless Law: Volume and Temperature, 11.6: Gay-Lussac's Law: Temperature and Pressure, 11.7: The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature, 11.9: The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles, 11.10: Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen, Chapter 12: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces, 12.3: Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity, 12.6: Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, DipoleDipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole, 12.7: Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic, 13.3: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy, 13.4: Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz, 13.5: Solution Concentration: Mass Percent, 13.9: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter, 13.10: Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration, 14.1: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies, 14.4: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases, 14.6: AcidBase Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution, 14.9: The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity, 14.10: Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. 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