16.30 Every machine of rating 100 for water and the manufacturers recommended temperature for liquids other than water. S Inspect 13.1 All cables shall be so constructed, installed and protected as to prevent danger to the ship and personnel. ). 24.27 Electric slip couplings, including their exciters when tested under rated load conditions shall have temperature rises not exceeding the limits given in Table 16-1 of Section 16. cm 37.6 Circuit breakers provided in distribution panels and sub-assemblies shall be in accordance Sections 9.3.10, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8 and 11.9. 13.12 Cables shall not be led across expansion joints in the superstructure unless this is unavoidable; where cables must cross an expansion joint they shall be arranged with a loop suitably supported and having an internal radius not less than twelve times the overall diameter of the largest cable, to ensure the necessary flexibility. a portable rechargeable battery operated hand lamp shall be provided in every crew space alleyway, recreation space, and every working space which is normally occupied, unless supplementary emergency lighting, as required by 1.13 (a) and (b) is provided. dc 11.29 Where an automatic sprinkler system is installed in accordance with the Vessel Fire Safety Regulations: 11.30 Where an automatic fire alarm and fire detection system is required the system shall be in accordance with Section 21.6. 17.1 The limits of temperature rise for motor starters and controllers, contactors, field rheostats and rheostats for other purposes shall be based on the cooling-air temperature specified in Section 2 of these Standards. WebA rectifier converts the AC power supply voltage to the required output voltage and then converts it to DC. 25.14 Permanent legible warning notices shall be attached to high voltage equipment and at the entrances to compartments where high voltage equipment is housed; such notices shall carry the wording "DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE" and "DANGER HAUT TENSION". 9.3.3 A non-conducting guardrail shall be fitted at the rear of the switchboard if maintenance from the rear is required. systems, arrangements for generator and motor excitation shall be such that, if the motor excitation circuit is opened by a switch or contactor, the generator excitation is simultaneously interrupted or the generator voltage is immediately reduced to zero. due to the voltage stabilization in the regulator range, the current fluctuation is altered, thus requiring the transformer rectifier to be reset. motor will be precluded; where overload protection is not designed to provide single-phase protection additional means of single-phase protection is required. operation of the emergency lighting system. watertight enclosures with bolted and gasketed covers containing only: impressed-current cathodic protection system electrodes; a cargo hose stowage space must not have any electric equipment except as noted in items g (i) (ii) and through runs of cable in accordance with subsection 26.8; and, a space that has cargo piping must not have any electrical equipment except equipment in accordance with items g (i) (ii) and through runs of cable in accordance with subsection 26.8; and. densities range from 10mA/m2 RMS current-carrying parts of opposite polarity or phase. Occhitya Mudgal. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Some monitoring facilities in the 19.4.8 Vented batteries connected to a charging device with a power output of less than 0.2 These current ratings are applicable for both armored and unarmored cables. 12.14 Portable cables employed on travelling cranes and similar installations shall be 58.8 The drop in voltage from the switchboard to every point on the installation when the conductors are carrying the maximum service shall not exceed: Transport Canada is closely monitoring the COVID-19 situation. U.L. 19.4.2 Batteries shall not be installed in sleeping quarters. kVA 15.11.2 Inverters shall be bonded to the vessels ground conductor in accordance with Section 4. 20.6 With the exception of single-phase cabin heaters directly controlled by thermostats, every heating and cooking appliance, whether portable or fixed, shall be controlled locally by a switch having an "off" position. This technique is called 28.3 The insulation resistance test of generator and motor windings shall be carried out with the machine at operating temperature and should be not less than one megohm. an anodic or oxidation A deck branch circuit within a vertical fire zone shall not supply the audible devices and/ or lights or beacons on more than one deck level except where the levels of a space are common between decks; Vessels which are not divided into vertical fire zones by main vertical bulkheads shall be divided into vertical fire zones not exceeding 40 metres and have a branch circuit provided for each deck level where general alarm audible device sand flashing red lights or beacons are required. free of splices throughout the total length; terminated at both ends in a connector specifically designed for use with conductors in parallel or in individual connectors on a solid bus-bar with a separate screw or stud for each connector to ensure equal division of current. Optical characteristics. WebPesawat dan perkakas ilmu pengetahuan, pelayaran, penelitian, listrik, potret, kinematografi, timbang, ukur, sinyal, pengawasan (pemeriksaan), pertolongan dan pendidikan, pesawat dan perkakas untuk melaksanakan, menukar, menjelmakan, mengumpulkan, mengatur atau mengontrol listrik; perkakas untuk merekan transmisi atau reproduksi suara tau gambar; 1.11 An indicator shall be provided in a suitable place on the main switchboard or in the machinery control room to indicate when the emergency generator is running. 4.1 All accessible metal parts of an electrical installation, other than current-carrying parts, shall be grounded. under short-circuit conditions, the generator with its excitation system shall be capable of maintaining a current of at least three times its rated value for a duration of up to 2 seconds, unless protection selectivity requirements exist which allow a shorter duration and provided that, in any case, the safety of the installation is assured. 20.2 The heating elements of heating appliances shall be suitably guarded and protecting guards shall be strong enough to resist being forced against any current-carrying part. You may experience longer than usual wait times or partial service interruptions. S1.6.6 The emergency power source and the complete emergency installation shall be tested annually, and in the case of non-rechargeable battery-operated hand lanterns, for a period of five minutes after the batteries have been replaced. AWG IEC there must be a lockable circuit breaker or lockable switch that disconnects the power to the motor; electrical equipment must not be installed in a hold space that has a tank that is not required to have a secondary barrier except: lighting fixtures suitable for a Class 1, Zone 1, or. 23.2 Lightning conductors shall be made of continuous copper alloy tape or cable having a cross-sectional area not less than 25 for mains and power circuits, 2% of the nominal voltage. means the Canadian Standards Association; "drip-proof equipment" means that the equipment is so constructed that drops of falling liquids have no harmful effect when the equipment is tilted at any angle up to 15 degrees from the vertical; "demand factor" means the ratio of the estimated consumption of a group of power-consuming apparatus under normal working conditions to the sum of the normal full-load ratings; "explosion-proof or flame-proof" means, when used in reference to an enclosure, an enclosure that is capable of withstanding without damage, an explosion of a specified gas or vapour that may occur within it, and be capable of preventing the ignition of a specified gas or vapour surrounding the enclosure from sparks, flashes or explosion of the specified gas or vapour within the enclosure; "factory sealed" refers to an explosion-proof device which is so constructed that external seals are not required; "flame-retardant" when applied to a material means that the material will not burn for more than a specified period of time nor will the flame travel nor extend beyond a specified distance, as determined under certain test conditions at normal atmospheric pressure; "hazardous locations" means locations in which explosive accumulations of gases, mixtures or highly flammable substances may be present; (A) a hold space where cargo is carried in a cargo containment system requiring a secondary barrier; (B) a hold space where cargo is carried in a cargo containment system not requiring a secondary barrier; a zone on the open deck, or semi-enclosed space on the open deck, within 3 metres (m) of any cargo tank outlet, gas or vapour outlet, cargo pipe flange or cargo valve or of entrances and ventilation openings to cargo-pump-rooms and cargo compressor rooms; the open deck over the cargo area and 3 metres forward and aft of the cargo area on the open deck up to a height of 2.4 metres above the weather deck; "gas-safe space" means, a space other than a gas-dangerous space; "gas-tight" means, the specific quality of a physical barrier to prevent any significant quantity of flammable gas or vapour from entering into an adjoining space; " SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE OR SKILL OBTAINED. Earthing systems. the wiring system shall be so arranged to avoid galleys, machinery spaces and other enclosed spaces having a high fire risk except in so far as it is necessary to provide sound coverage in such spaces or to reach the appropriate switchboard or distribution panel. the overcurrent protection is such that the ampacity of each individual conductor will not be exceeded if one or more of the paralleled conductors becomes inadvertently disconnected. chemical uniformity in hull plates and welding, differences in paint cable for Class I Zone 1 hazardous location must: be braided armoured marine cable constructed in accordance with section 12 of this standard or, be unarmoured marine cable installed in threaded rigid metal conduit; or. home-trade, Class III, other than on international voyages, where the length of the ship exceeds 61 metres, inland waters voyages where the length of the ship exceeds 61 metres, or. boiler fans for forced and induced draught; C.P. 9.4.1.5 Switchboard bus bars and supports shall be of substantial and durable construction and shall be capable of withstanding electromechanical stresses which may arise from short circuit faults. etc. Web140kA 170V Rectifier Transformer and Rectifier for Graphite and Lithium Battery Anode Material Plant . 1.8 The stored energy shall be maintained at all times, as follows: 1.9 Where automatic starting is not required, manual starting is permissible, such as manual cranking, inertia starters manually charged hydraulic accumulators, or powder charge cartridges, where they can be demonstrated as being effective. It can be used to produce refractory materials, conductive materials, wear-resistant materials, lubricants, high-temperature sealing materials, corrosion-resistant materials, thermal insulation materials, automatic fire alarm and detection systems; the equipment and installation shall be generally inspected and tested under working conditions and electric cables inspected as far as may be practicable without dismantling any fixtures or casings; an insulation resistance test shall be made on generators, cables and fittings, using a direct indicating ohmmeter of the generator type, applying a. all generators shall be run in turn or simultaneously, and all main switches and circuit breakers operated on load. the required value (Refer Figures 25.4 and 25.5). a splice that is soldered, brazed or welded to a flexible lead or conductor. The outer The non-hazardous space and the air lock are to be maintained at overpressure relative to the external hazardous area by independent mechanical ventilation systems arranged such that a single failure will not result in the simultaneous loss of overpressure in both the non-hazardous space and the air lock. and bending tests at 40 20.15 Tank heaters utilizing electric elements shall be controlled by means of a temperature regulation device and shall also be provided with secondary protection which will open if the liquid attains a temperature exceeding 96 Publication 79-2. and power factor of squirrel cage motors particularly in regard to the effect of the magnitude and duration of resulting transient voltage changes. PVC This ac S1.2.8 No accumulator battery fitted in accordance with this Standard shall be installed in the same space as the emergency switchboard; an indicator shall be mounted in a suitable place on the main switchboard or in the machinery control room to indicate when the batteries constituting either the emergency source of power or the transitional source of power referred to in paragraph S1.2.4 (b) or subsection S1.2.5 are being discharged. 10, meet paragraph (a) of this subsection; or. How to Order To help our clients to pick the best features in a Transformer Rectifier unit, BSS Tech had developed an easy procedure. 85 issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission. and over, the most recent edition of 25.2 Distribution systems shall be three-phase, 3-wire and may be operated with the neutral either insulated or grounded. The actual generator circuit breaker settings shall be permanently indicated in an accessible position within each circuit breaker compartment. The Manual Mode - the output generators and their connections shall be such that when they operate in parallel, the individual load on each machine does not normally differ from its pro-portionate share of the load by an amount greater than 12% of the rated full load of the largest machine or 25% of the rating of the individual machine in question; this requirement applies when the combined load on the sets is varied between 20% and 100% of the combined ratings; such load sharing shall not result in over-loading the smaller set; for each generator of a group required to run in parallel, the voltage drop across the series field and its connection to the switchboard shall be approximately equal. expense of a special 400Hz alternator could be justified only where A d.c. voltage is applied to dc For a period of 3 hours, emergency lighting at every muster and embarkation station on deck and over sides. 20.12 Range, oven, broiler, fry kettle and griddle units shall be sectional; the design and construction of the equipment shall be such as to ensure strong, rigid, self-supporting units. WebIf the rectifier is equipped with electronics, it must be connected to the rated AC supply. 13.39 Where the following conditions apply, the method of splicing cables shall be in accordance with subsections 13.40 and 13.41: 13.40 All cable splices are to be made by a qualified person using a one-cycle compression tool; all cable splices are to have the following: 13.41 A cable must not be spliced in a hazardous area. 11.21 The means provided for remote stopping of the electrical equipment required by subsection 11.19 shall be so arranged that a separate power source is not required to accomplish remote emergency stopping; the source of power provided in order to accomplish remote emergency stopping shall be: 11.22 The activation of a remote emergency stop circuit, manually initiated, shall continue until it is manually reset. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. ac for bare surfaces. NFPA WebHazardous product pipelines are routinely protected by a coating supplemented with cathodic protection. 3.23 The design of devices employed for dimming indicating and instrument lighting located on the navigating bridge shall not permit the total extinguishment of the lamps. the main propulsion generators and motors shall be inspected as far as may be practicable, particular attention being paid to the ends of all windings of stators and rotors; all air ducts in stator coils and the ventilating holes in rotors and retaining rings of alternators shall be carefully examined; all cable runs shall be examined over their entire length, particular attention being paid to the grounding of metallic protective coverings of sheaths; generator circuit breakers and set-up switchgear shall be examined and tested for mechanical operation at no load; high potential bus insulators and supports shall be inspected and found free from oil, dust or contamination liable to cause tracking to ground; The propulsion system excitation and control systems shall be energized and all permissive interlocks and indicators inspected; the excitation and control power need not be applied to the main machinery during this inspection; and. 9.1.1 Every ship's service and emergency generator shall be connected to a main or an emergency switchboard. ) Part I, C 22.1-98; every electrical installation in a hazardous location shall comply with either Section 18, or Annex J 18 of Appendix J of the for a 2 wire insulated system either a double pole circuit breaker with over current protection in each pole, or a double pole linked switch and a fuse in each pole; for a 3 wire grounded system, a double pole circuit breaker, connected to the outers, and a link connected to the neutral; and. 9.2.3 Passageways behind main switchboards shall be of ample height and shall, where practicable, be provided at each end with an access door, fitted with an external lock and such access doors shall bear a prominent and permanent indication of the maximum voltage; in the case of metal clad switchboards that are completely enclosed, access doors need not be fitted; 9.2.4 They shall give easy access from the back, unless designed for installation against bulkheads, and front without danger to personnel; 9.2.5 The sides and backs and, where necessary, the fronts shall be suitably guarded; 9.2.6 A non-conducting mat or grating shall be provided as a floor covering at the front and rear, as necessary; 9.2.7 The switchboard shall be installed in a dry location away from sources of steam, water and oil pipes. Book. asymmetrical current in one phase at one-half cycle to the 8.9 Where provision is made to obtain an external supply from on-shore or elsewhere, the interrupting capacity of the shore connection protective device shall be based on the maximum short-circuit current available from the external source. a pressure-type butt connector which meets. WebCathodic arc deposition production equipment incorporating a grid of electromagnets for steering control of the arc spot on the cathode; Ion plating production equipment capable of in situmeasurement of any of the following: 1. ETL 13.22 Connections and terminations shall comply with the following: 13.23 Cables shall be effectively supported and secured in order to prevent chafing or other injury. equipment, both audible and visual ground alarms shall be fitted: 24.19 Access doors for switchgear and control gear operating at voltages in excess of 50 volts shall be either interlocked to prevent access while such parts are alive or be provided with a lock, the key of which shall be kept in a place accessible only to authorized personnel. 9.4.1.2 The buses of feeder switchboards shall have a capacity of not less than 75% of the combined full load rated current of all loads including 50% of the rated installed or design reserve spare breaker capacity; the capacity of the feeder buses need not be greater than the generator buses which supply them; bus connections to individual feeder circuit breakers shall be designed on the basis of the frame rating of the breakers when the frame rating is 600 Mass-Tech follows ISO 9001-2015 guidelines & it's own quality system procedure manual and design manual. AWG on small vessels where the condition of the navigation light can be observed from the manoeuvring position automatic failure of the lamp indicator need not be fitted. , the openings through which they pass shall be finished in a manner that will prevent chaffing of cables during installation and throughout the life of the vessel. mA 13.7 In machinery spaces and refrigerated spaces, or in wet or damp locations, cables shall, unless run in steel conduit or steel pipe, be: 13.8 Main feeder cables for supplying power to elevators shall be installed outside the hoistway; only such electrical wiring, conduit and cable used directly in connection with the elevator, including wiring for signals, for communication with the car, for lighting and ventilating the car and wiring for fire detecting systems for hoistways, may be installed inside the hoistway. Electrical heating circuits. 33.14 Where the power developed by the main propulsion units is transmitted to the propeller by means of generators and motors: 33.15 The functioning of the complete emergency electrical supply shall be tested and this shall include the following; where applicable: 33.16 Interior communications systems and alarm systems shall be tested to determine their suitability and to verify their specified functioning; particular attention shall be paid to the testing of the operation of all essential electrical communication systems including: 33.17 The operation of electric and electro/hydraulic steering gear shall be tested with particular attention paid to the function of the motor overload alarm, motor stopped indication and supply circuit breaker tripped alarm; where duplicate power supplies to a manual transfer panel are provided it shall be verified that the arrangement of switches or links on the panel is such as to permit either supply to be connected to either motor but not to permit both motors to be connected to one supply. kW This system may also provide the requirements for the general alarm system. provision shall be made for the sets to operate in parallel; and. 54.1 Electrical equipment appliances, accessories and fittings shall comply with Part 1 Section 2.7, 2.8 and 2.15. 3.16 Where basically different distribution systems are in use, the receptacles and plugs shall be so designed that incorrect connection cannot be made. A periodic inspection ) shall comply with the following: 23.1 Lightning conductors shall be fitted to each mast of all wooden and composite ships and to each mast of steel or aluminum ships having wooden masts or topmasts except where the height of any antenna exceeds that of the masts and the antenna is equipped with lightning arresters or other effective devices. and clean the propeller shaft's slip ring and brushes every week. AWG 18.9 All running, standing and signal electric lights shall be substantially constructed of non corrodible material and shall be made watertight. 26.20.3 Electrical equipment located in the tunnel and adjacent spaces necessary in the event of an emergency shall be certified safe for a Class I, Zone 2, Group II A, or Class I, Division 2, Group D locations. 25.8 A means of visually and audibly indicating any system ground fault shall be fitted. kind. the fire detection system shall not be used for any other purpose, except that closing of fire doors and similar functions at the fire control panel in accordance with the Fire Protection, Detection and Extinguishing Equipment Regulations; where an addressable fire detection system has been provided with a feature to temporarily isolate a section from the monitoring system, due to repairs to the system or the vessel in the vicinity of the section, a visual flashing signal and an audible signal on a timed cycle of once every thirty (30) minutes shall be provided to alert the crew the system is isolated and to reactivate the section to a normal surveillance state upon the completion of the repairs; an addressable fire detection system shall be so designed that the first alarm will not prevent the initiating of any subsequent alarms; all arrangements are to be made to enable the initial configuration of the system to be restored in the event of failure. Features: AC supply 110 to 690V, 1ph or 3ph, 50-60Hz as required by the client DC output range 6V to 200V and 1A to 1000A as required by the client These conditions would reduce the operating lifespan of the normal units. etc. 55.11 Valve regulated or sealed batteries shall meet the installation and location requirements of the applicable subsections of Section 19 ACCUMULATORS and BATTERIES. Changes in underwater hull area, speed, water temperature / salinity 24.21 Where excitation is obtained direct from the auxiliary bus-bars, means shall be provided to limit the voltage induced at the bus-bars when the auxiliary generator circuit breaker or the distribution circuit breaker opens. information in respect of the vessel its voyage and life saving and fire fighting equipment it carries is submitted to Transport Canada for inspection. minor waters voyages, Class I, where the length of the ship exceeds 30.5 metres but does not exceed 91.4 metres; Group 3 - passenger ships that are not included in either Group 1 or 2; Group 4 - Safety Convention cargo ships that carry not more than twelve passengers; Group 5 - Cargo ships that are not included in Group 4. When the ship is dry-docked, WebCathodic protection systems fitted on ships consist of a number of anodes fitted to the hull at selected places below the waterline, and control equipment, which automatically regulates the anode current to the required value (Refer Figures 25.4 and 25.5). 2.5 All electrical equipment shall operate satisfactorily under all conditions with the ship at the following inclination from the normal; transversely: 15 - rolling: up to 2230' and longitudinally: 730' for all ships; emergency installations shall in addition operate satisfactorily when the ship is inclined 2230' and/or when the trim of the ship is 10. 7.5 The vital services on all vessels that have a grounded neutral distribution system shall be supplied from an insulated distribution system. C.S.A. and above. 19.5.9 Mechanical ventilation for battery rooms, battery lockers and battery boxes shall be fitted with an alarm, at the main control station, which will indicate loss of ventilation. , and the temperature of the terminals to which insulated cables are to be connected shall not exceed the values set forth in Table 13-1 of Section 13. WebEE&ME Oil Cathodic Protection Rectifiers are designed for harsh conditions including high levels of dust, saline, corrosive, abrasive, excess moisture or high electrical discharge environments. an additional means of isolation fitted adjacent to the motor; or, provision made for locking the primary means of isolation in the "OFF" position; or. 26.20.5 Where necessary, electrical cables installed in cargo holds or bins shall be in accordance with section 26.5 or 26.9 (a); those cables located in the unloading tunnels, cargo transfer areas or adjacent spaces may be unarmoured marine cable constructed in accordance with section 12 which shall be suitably protected against mechanical damage; cables seals, terminations or glands shall be applicable to the hazardous requirements in accordance with section 26.2. 51.6 A fuse or manual-reset type circuit breaker shall be provided at the main distribution panel for each separate electrical circuit. a visual signal is used which is connected in series with the light, means shall be provided to prevent the extinction of the light due to the failure of the visual signal. for a period of 18 hours, emergency lighting: in all service and accommodation alleyways, stairways and exits, personnel elevators and personnel elevator trunks; in the machinery spaces and main generating stations including their control positions; in all control stations, radio rooms/stations, machinery control rooms and at each main and emergency switchboard; at the sprinkler pump if any, at the fire pump referred to in paragraph S1.5.2 (e) of this subsection, at the emergency bilge pump if any, and at their starting positions; and, fire detection and its alarm systems; and. 12.8 Marine cables shall be provided with a durable printing or embossing on the jacket or a marker under the cable jacket in accordance with kV ability of system to accept passive devices. control equipment shall operate satisfactorily with the following variations from normal of the voltage and frequency of the ac power supplies to the equipment; ac supplied equipment shall be capable of ac maintaining functional stability and accuracy with input supplies having a possible harmonic content up to 5%; for battery-supplied equipment, voltage variations of +30% and -25% as determined by the charging/discharging characteristics, shall be taken into account, including ripple voltage from the charging device; and. 56.5 Cables shall be routed as high as possible above the bilge with prime consideration given to the protection of the wiring from mechanical damage and heat damage. #; 16.1 When the number and ratings of the required ships service generating sets is determined, consideration shall be given to the normal and maximum demand loads as well as the safe and efficient operation of the ship when at sea and in port; the number and rating of generating sets shall be sufficient to ensure the operation of the auxiliary services indispensable for the propulsion and safety of the ship, even when one generator or its prime mover is out of service. 2.20 Accessories shall be so designed and fixed that dust and moisture cannot readily accumulate on the insulation or on live parts. 25.11 High voltage and low voltage cable connections shall not be accommodated in the same terminal box. Standard C22.2 number 0.3. bolts, nuts and washers used to maintain contact on bus and connection bars shall be of non-ferrous material or of steel rendered corrosion-resistant by zinc-electroplating or an equivalent process. 13.17 Cables carrying pulses of high amplitude, and power cables supplying units in which such pulses are present, shall be segregated from cables for other services. 19.4.6 Vented batteries connected to a charging device with a power output of more than 2.4 16.33 Electronic governors controlling the speed of the prime-mover for ships service potential of twice the rated voltage of the machine plus 1000 volts for one minute between: 28.7 The commutation test on 33.9 Switches and circuit breakers shall be operated on load and, where practicable, operation of their over-current, under-voltage and auxiliary trip units satisfactorily demonstrated. WebWorld Class Cathodic Protection systems and Materials. short-circuit current shall be assumed to be equal to the sum of the generator contribution based on circuit impedances including the direct axis sub-transient reactances of generators and the motor contribution based on 3.5 times the rated current of motors. It may be made of 28.6 The high potential test of BASEEFA 11.39 Where arrangements are made for the supply of electric power from an external source on shore or elsewhere, a suitable connection box shall be installed in a position in the ship suitable for the convenient reception of flexible cables from the external source, having terminals of ample size and suitable shape to facilitate a satisfactory connection: 11.40 Vessels that utilize a grounded distribution system are to be provided with a suitable means to prevent the flow of load current through the hull or the grounding hardware while connected to shore power facilities. single-stage magnetic amplifier is in the region of 100 to 1. beyond this value the increase in the rate of release of hydroxyl ac allan tapia contreras. value of the symmetrical current. unit helps to maintain the daily 4.7 Metal frames of all portable electric lamps, tools and similar apparatus rated in excess of 50 volts shall be grounded through a suitable conductor unless equivalent safety provisions are made such as by double insulation or by an isolating transformer. 2. mm 20.4 Electric space heaters forming part of the ships equipment shall be fixed in position and shall be so constructed as to reduce the risk of fire to a minimum. 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