Celebrities share personal experiences and success stories associated with the endorsed item to be perceived as credible sources of health information. This will be calculated by dividing the difference in mean values by the pooled standard deviation of the two groups (i.e., intervention versus non-intervention), as outlined in the following equation: This measure will allow us to compare and pool across studies where outcomes are reported in different units. Two reviewers conducted title and abstract screening and full-text screening to identify primary studies that employed empirical methods (either quantitative or qualitative) to examine celebrities impact on health-related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, or status outcomes. Months later, studies recorded an increase in the number of high-risk patient screenings for the impugned BRCA1 gene [9]. The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of consumption and consumer studies. But new research shows this habit could be more damaging to health than people realize and that swimmers, Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. For example, the decision of a high-risk patient to be screened for cancer would be a positive health behavior that can potentially benefit long-term health status, whereas declining treatment contrary to medical advice would be a negative health behavior that can lead to diminished health status. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3977. Steven J. Hoffman and Charlie Tan conducted a meta-narrative analysis of. (DOCX 102kb) People will also remember that George Clooneyand 21 other artists performed on National Television to raise money for the United Way. An official website of the United States government. Ten databases were searched, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL, Communication Complete, Sociological Abstracts, Social Sciences Citation Index, Journals @ Scholars Portal, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. Qualitative researching with text, image and sound: a practical handbook. Celebrities can have substantial influence as medical advisors. Kasl SV, Cobb S. Health behavior, illness behavior, and sick-role behavior. We anticipate substantial variability and will explore this through pooling across studies that share similar outcomes and conducting subgroup analyses and/or meta-regression analysis (see below). Studies investigated a variety of outcomes, ranging from HIV knowledge to opinions on different foods and to cancer screening behaviors. People are trusting celebrities with their health, write researchers from McMaster University in Ontario, Canada. Celebrities such as Demi Lovato, Chrissy Tegan, Taraji P. Henson, and more have made it their mission to break mental health stigmas. In order for this review to be leveraged to have a meaningful impact on public health, our research team is committed to engaging in a series of knowledge translation activities. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. Canadian immunization guide. Actor Jim Carrey wrote an article about the dangers of vaccines for The Huffington Post in 2009 in which he said the following: In this growing crisis, we cannot afford to blindly trumpet the agenda of the CDC, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) or vaccine makers. But famous people, whether they're singers, actors, and other celebrities, can also provide unhealthy examples. Doing so gives individuals social capital, raising their social status. However, the same can not be said for all examples of celebrity influence. Powered and implemented by FactSet Digital Solutions. Fox: Since his diagnosis back in 1991, Fox has been the face of the debilitating Parkinson's disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether celebrity influence and consequent national media coverage of Drink Less had an effect on the characteristics of people using the app in terms of: a) socio-demographic and drinking characteristics; b) levels of engagement with the app; and c) extent of alcohol reduction. Interventions include any health-related campaigns, news events, programs, or statements that primarily revolve around a celebrity or several celebritieswhether or not the celebrities intended to cause a health effect. Nevertheless, we have proactively undertaken several steps to overcome these anticipated challenges in order to conduct a rigorous systematic review. Pediatrics. Today, Bragg combines both of her childhood intereststhe influence of celebrities and the power of cultural narrativesin research that she is conducting as an Assistant Professor of Population Health at New York University Langone Medical Center and as a 2015 recipient of an NIH Director's Early Independence Award. These findings were supported by emerging neuroscience research which showed that brain regions involved in making positive associations are activated by seeing or hearing celebrity endorsements. Changes in suicide rates following media reports on celebrity suicide: a meta-analysis. Photo: Shutterstock/Rawpixel.com Social media has become an increasingly dramatic environment for body image in the past few years, and celebrities have had a huge influence on this shiftfor better or worse. The next phase of data extraction will focus specifically on defining outcome variables. These tweets illustrate the longevity of the anti-vaccine message. This one-sided connection gives the celebrity influence over your daily decision making and creates a feeling of friendship with someone you've never met. Furukawa TA. The site is secure. YM is a medical student at the University of British Columbia. The review of psychology literature showed that people are conditioned to react positively to celebrity advice and that are subconsciously pushed to follow it to avoid cognitive dissonance and to become more like those celebrities they admire. The Angelina Jolie effect has been long lasting and global, and appears to have increased referrals to centers appropriately, they concluded. A descriptive study by Bragg et al. This eligibility criteria form was used to screen for both quantitative and qualitative studies and, moreover, helped to categorize which studies belonged to which study design. Here are a few celebrities who are known mental health awareness advocates. While quantitative studies provide a highly precise means to assess celebrity impact, we cannot discount the importance of ethnographic research and other qualitative findings since celebrity influence is a culturally based and sociologically rooted phenomenon. We try to emulate their lifestyle, or in some instances, we are just attracted to them and so we purchase the products associated with them. The Top Celebrity Influencers on Instagram in 2021 1. From our initial pilot search (Additional file 2), we uncovered a vast amount of literature examining celebrity impacts on different health topics such as smoking, body image, suicide, and cancer screening. In the presence of visual asymmetry, exploratory analyses will be performed. Overview of attention for article published in Journal of Health Psychology, January 2021. John N. Lavis, Email: ac.retsamcm@jsival. Abstract. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Generic search strategy and adapted search strategy for MEDLINE yielding 5157 records. beauty industry standards and the pressure for people to look or dress a certain way), I believe that we can view some of the mental health dialogue that they've inspired as a positive step towards a better sense of wellness. This approach will allow us to estimate a broad summary effect of celebrities on health and also estimate more specific celebrity effects. A previous systematic meta-narrative analysis identified 14 biological, psychological, and social mechanisms through which celebrities influence our health-related behaviors, illustrating how the mechanics of celebrity and popular culture is a serious public health issue (see Table1 for the 14 mechanisms) [5, 6]. Public Health Agency of Canada. Additional file 6:(36K, docx)Data abstraction form phase 1. Online As the youngest sister of the Kardashians, Kylie Jenner is a force to be reckoned with. Finally, there are many considerations to take into account when ensuring our review has sufficient power. Public health authorities can use these insights to implement regulations and restrictions on celebrity endorsements and design counter-marketing initiatives perhaps even partnering with celebrities to discredit bogus medical advice while promoting evidence-based practices. We will conduct this systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regressionanalysis adhering to the following protocol and will report any changes to the protocol that arise as we proceed. Supervise your child. 2 measure. A health behavior was originally defined by Kebl and Cobb as any activity undertaken by a person who believes himself to be healthy for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting disease in an asymptomatic stage [29]. LT, JB, TC, YF, JNL, and AMS helped design the review protocol and critically revised this manuscript for important intellectual content. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gtsche PC, Jni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, Savovic J, Schulz KF, Weeks LL, Sterne JAC. People follow advice from celebrities who match how they perceive (or want to perceive) themselves. A cervical cancer charity in the UK reported that testing for cervical cancer among women in England had fallen to a 10-year low in 2012, with around 20% of women not attending recommended screening. Their influence is almost unavoidable. As an example: Suppose a celebrity like Beyonce has 20 million followers on Twitter (in actuality, she has about 7.7 million followers). A systematic search for research articles on celebrities and body image or eating disorders resulted in 36 studies meeting inclusion . An article in TIME suggested that when she adopted a baby from Ethiopia, inquiries at adoption centers in the US for Ethiopian orphans doubled. Therefore, they gain a huge audience. Mutual Fund and ETF data provided by Refinitiv Lipper. (celebrit* or ((professional or elit* or famous or public or renown* or well-known or acclaim* or eminent or prominent or illustrious or recogniz* or reput* or influential or wealth* or power*) adj1 (person* or people or figure* or leader or athlete* or player or bodybuilder or sport* or basketball or football or hockey or baseball or soccer or Olympian or singer* or songwriter* or musician* or band or group or rapper* or artist* or actor* or actress or star or Hollywood or Bollywood or Nollywood or dancer or writer or author or comedian or performer or model* or supermodel* or chef or philanthropist or politic* or president or minister or king or queen or prince* or monarch))), MEDLINE search strategy (yielding 5157 records), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Popular music celebrity endorsements in food and nonalcoholic beverage marketing. (DOCX 81kb) Careers. This positive celebrity health effect was witnessed as early as the 1990s, after basketball player Earvin Magic Johnson announced that he was HIV-positive [7]. Rochman B. Jenny McCarthy, Vaccine Expert? Given these many considerations, we opted for a broad definition of celebrity interventionsin order to ensure a more comprehensive review of the literature and retrieve as many relevant studies as possible. Earlier in 2013, actress Angelina Jolie publicly announced that she had undergone a double mastectomy to reduce her risk of developing breast cancer after testing positive for a BRCA1 gene mutation. Additional file 3:(26K, docx)Adapted search strategies for each database. This systematic review seeks to answer the following questions: (1) Which health-related outcomes are influenced by celebrities? Again, thetwo independent reviewers used an eligibility screening form to determine which studies met the full-text inclusion criteria (see Additional file 5 for the full-text screening form). Two members of the research team (YM/NN) independently screened the title and abstract of each study for inclusion based on a pre-established eligibility screening form (Additional file 4). As possible, quantitative evaluations will be subject to meta-analysis so as to pool different effect sizes and determine the magnitude of celebrity influence for different health-related outcomes. Undoubtedly, the celebrity's influence on body image is real and may even be defined as toxic. The Cochrane Collaborations tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials. Consumers are, in fact, getting smarter, and while celebrities do have magic, the decisions we make about purchases are not merely based on face-value. Recently, Beyonce was signed to receive $50 million for a Pepsi advertisement. The results of this review will contribute to our understanding of celebrity influences and how to design positive evidence-based celebrity health promotion activities. Celebrity capital: redefining celebrity using field theory. If these do not work, medication or surgery may be possible. In the conclusion to their analysis, Hoffman and Tan suggest that health professionals could utilize the influence of celebrity status in order to improve public health practice. The specific success of celebrities is generalized to all their traits, biasing people to view them as credible medical advisors. Both quantitative and qualitative studies will be included in this systematic review to identify all empirical research evidence pertaining to the impact of celebrities on health-related outcomes. Gabriel pointed out that a little admiration for a celebrity can be good for a person because it reinforces a feeling of community and belongingness two crucial components of healthy childhood development. The power of celebrities is well known in the realm of popular culture, but what influence do they have when it comes to public health? There is a growing body of literature that has demonstrated celebrity marketing, musing and news coverage can have an influence on a range of health related behaviors, including dieting, cancer . Studies that evaluate the impact of celebrities on corporations, governments, organizations, or similar entities will not be considered. Steven J. Hoffman and Charlie Tan conducted a meta-narrative analysis of literature concerning celebrities medical advice in 2013, examining its effects from economic, marketing, psychological and sociological standpoints. Health-related outcomes of interest will include a series of short-term, intermediate, and long-term outcomes, and are illustrated in the logic model (see Fig. Figure2 visualizes the first part of a PRISMA flowchart showing the number of articles included and excluded at each stage of screening. A quarter of parents trust celebrities. Arya M. Sharma, Email: ac.atreblau@mrahsm. Martin G, Koo L. Celebrity suicide: did the death of Kurt Cobain influence young suicides in Australia? Celebrity impact. For example, Sabel and Sin discovered that many of the women who consulted a surgeon for an elective bilateral mastectomy following Jolies announcement were unsuitable candidates for the procedure following a thorough evaluation of their genome and family history [12]. These probabilities allow calculation of odds ratios and risk differences. Research is consistent that kids are more likely to choose foods endorsed by celebrities, even when the foods are healthy. Most of the media pay attention to the wrongful or tragic actions in celebrities' lives. Accessibility We will statistically examine the extent of heterogeneity using chi-square tests of heterogeneity and measure the extent of inconsistency with the I A study revealed that in the wake of this announcement, genetic testing referrals among high-risk women rose by two-and-a-half times in the following 2 months. Given that this is the first review of its kind, we anticipate several future challenges as we strive to evaluate both the extent and magnitude of celebrities impact on different health-related outcomes. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. In particular, celebrity influence on body image and substance use is often detrimental to teen mental health. YF is the Medical Director of the Bariatric Medical Institute, an Assistant Professor of Family Medicine at the University of Ottawa, and a board member of the Canadian Obesity Network. These examples are just two of the many incidences where the personal experiences of a public figure have led to significant change in the behaviors of the public toward their health leading to substantial benefit. Given the likely variability among studies and the challenges we anticipate in developing a standardized form that can be applied to all included studies, three stages of data extraction will be conducted. Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. . Qualitative studies will complement the knowledge gained from quantitative analyses and provide additional understanding of the factors affecting the celebrity-health phenomenon. It's important to understand how to avoid the negative effects of celebrity influence and teach our children the same. Larson is all set to play the lead character in the female-led Marvel movie, Captain Marvel, and according to Refinery29, since starring in the 2018 film, Avengers: Infinity War, her social media following has increased. These drinks contain almost. After Angelina Jolie's 2013 revelation that she underwent a bilateral mastectomy after learning . People often see attributes in celebrities they respect and wish to emulate. Celebrity advocacy can also lead to the adoption of certain health prevention behaviors, as seen more recently with Angelina Jolies public announcement of her double mastectomy. Timothy Caulfield, Email: ac.atreblau@dleifluac. Wherever you go, you will constantly hear about popular culture and what is new with whom. Celebrity endorsements act as markers that differentiate endorsed items from competitors. During this period, the site also suggests there have been no autism diagnoses scientifically linked to vaccinations. (DOCX 102kb), Pilot search strategy. Wakefield MA, Loken B, Hornik RC. In addition, outcomes are evaluated across various populations and environments. Stack S. Suicide in the media: a quantitative review of studies based on nonfictional stories. In one example, the Jade Goody effect observed in the UK wore off within years of cervical screening attendances reaching significant highs. (DOCX 147kb) We avoid using tertiary references. In a survey consisting of 227 female university students conducted by Macquarie university, in Sydney, Australia, many females admitted they view their appearance in a negative way when comparing themselves with celebrities and even their peers, while scrolling through Facebook. Celebrities can have a tremendous influence on the knowledge we retain, the attitudes we adopt, and the decisions we make, including those that affect our health [14]. While one cannot blame food advertisements as a direct cause of childhood obesity and other health issues, there is a growing concern about the magnitude of dollars that are spent to market unhealthy foods, which could potentially be better appropriated to solving our national health crisis. (3) Under what circumstances do celebrities produce either beneficial or harmful impacts? There are notable exceptions to this rule however, with celebrities like Leonardo DiCaprio, Taylor Swift, and even most recently Lil Nas X, speaking up. Currently, there only exists a fragmented collection of primary studies evaluating celebrities impact on health. Given that youth and adolescents are a primary target of these promotional advertisements and moreover a significant at-risk group for obesity, these findings suggest inherent value in establishing guidelines that limit child exposure to celebrity food advertisements [13, 24]. Archives of Public Health. For example, in 2012, pop and R&B sensation Beyonc signed a $50 million advertising contract with Pepsinews that made national headlines [23]. Not only did he allow his symptoms to become physically apparent and public,. The third data extraction form will focus on collecting precise quantitative data and key findings specific to the outcome measures reported in the second data extraction form. Within each outcome domain, three types of analysis will be conducted, resulting in at least three sets of results: 1) summaries of studies demonstrating that celebrities have positive, negative, mixed, or no impacts on the health-related outcome; 2) synthesized quantitative measurements of the direction and magnitude of any identified impact that celebrities have on the health-related outcome; and 3) evidence identifying the comparative influence of different factors, circumstances, or conditions that mediate whether celebrities have positive or negative effects on the health-related outcome. Our aim is to be liberal in this judgment. Many celebrities have used their prominent social standing to offer medical advice or endorse health products, a trend that is expected to increase. Raters will resolve disagreements by discussion and through consultation with the principal investigator if necessary. It is well understood that celebrities have a significant influence on popular fashion trends. Yet, there has been no synthesis of the research findings. But too much can be harmful, she said. Kirstie Alley's death from cancer at the age of 71 has sparked an outpouring of heartfelt tributes from celebrities and fans alikeas well as questions about the Church of Scientology's . For example, by analyzing the outcomes of focus groups and surveys, we can draw upon individual perspectives and community experiences to better understand the types of attitudes that exist toward various health topics, the factors that may shape these attitudes, and the exact motives driving certain health-related behaviors. 2016;355:i4919. Use of mass media campaigns to change health behaviour. These long-term health status outcomes are this reviews primary outcomes of interest; however, the secondary short- and medium-term outcomes serve as helpful secondary surrogate measures in the meta-analysis and potential mediating factors for study in the meta-regression analysis. Some of the most influential celebrities are now related to popular culture including movie stars . Even in the face of the expert opinions of doctors, physicians and academic researchers whose professional lives are focused on improving and delivering the best health care possible, people can sometimes be influenced . One website calculates the number of vaccine-preventable illnesses (resource no longer available at www.antivaccinebodycount.com) that occur in the US using data obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports for case numbers of diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, whooping cough and chickenpox. The latest celebrity venture in the mental health field comes from . The goal is to broadly evaluate the impact of celebrities on health-related outcomes rather than only purposefully designed celebrity interventions that specifically aim to affect health-related outcomes. The .gov means its official. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Celebrities have long set the standards for everything from fashion and hairstyle trends to don't-need-must-have material possessions, and more.All that inspiration for goal-setting can be frivolous and fun, but when it comes to the effects of widespread celebrity influence on health and wellness, the stakes are a lot higher.. While many celebrities use social media as a means of endorsing brands, many of them have failed to truly leverage the value of their following as a key asset. Grilli R, Ramsay C, Minozzi S. Mass media interventions: effects on health services utilisation. (DOCX 117kb) It is of value to include both ecological and individual-level studies since ecological studies alone face limitations with respect to identifying causal effects, whereas individual-level studies have an increased risk of reporting bias [25]. Conducting two distinct methods of analysis will preserve the unique benefits offered by quantitative and qualitative methodologies, and will allow us to draw from different pools of findings to facilitate a more critical analysis of our research questions. government site. Kylie Jenner Image sourced from E! (CNN) When celebrities speak, it seems, the world listens -- even when it comes to personal and public health. While many celebrities can stake a claim to knowing a thing or two about how to look good and what the latest fashions are, the same cannot usually be said about health and medicine. (DOCX 111kb). Celebrity saturation could result in children and teens feeling repelled by the materialism, superficiality or privilege sometimes portrayed in media coverage. Legal Statement. The context for this dialogue is sobering; people are facing unemployment and social unrest across the country in the midst of two public crises, COVID-19 and racism. Specifically, each extractor will independently extract data from three purposively selected studies with diverse methodologies and celebrity activities. Through the meta-analysis, we will determine the extent to which the effects of celebrity influence on health are consistent across this range of outcomes, populations, environments, and interventions. SJH is additionally financially supported by the Research Council of Norway and the Trudeau Foundation. Now, rounding out the second half of a crisis-ridden 2020, celebrities and influencers are once again a targeted topic, but in a vastly different way. Over the decades of change, what is considered the "ideal body" has changed over generations. (DOCX 111kb), Populated PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) checklist. We will consider using the R value, a correlation coefficient, for continuous variables when pooling some studies that report dichotomous outcomes and others that report continuous outcomes. Over the past 15 years, dozens of studies involving hundreds of thousands of people have shown convincingly that neither vaccines nor any of the ingredients in them are linked to autism, said Prof. Salzberg. AMS is a Professor of Medicine and Chair in Obesity Research and Management at the University of Alberta and Scientific Director of the Canadian Obesity Network. In more recent years, celebrities have begun to have an influence on what we eat, including nutrition and dieting. LS and LT advised on the approach to data analysis. In addition to this rule of thumb, to facilitate our interpretation, we will convert the SMDs to measures of effect typically used for binary outcomes. In the first stage, general study information will be gathered including details about participant demographics, interventions, and methods employed (see Additional file 6 for a draft form for stage one of data extraction). All rights reserved. Additional file 4:(16K, docx)Title and abstract screening form. The disclosure of celebrity HIV infection: its effects on public attitudes. It is likely that the increased screening resulted in a number of lives saved.. "People are trusting celebrities with their health," write researchers from McMaster University in Ontario, Canada. Rather than allowing the messages of celebrities to speak louder than their own, health professionals could utilize the influence of celebrity to amplify their knowledge and ensure that expert opinion is heard by as many people as possible. Media celebrities and public health: responses to Magic Johnsons HIV disclosure and its impact on AIDS risk and high-risk behaviours. Lee J. Demi Lovato Demi Lovato is still young but she is quite experienced when it comes to living with mental health issues. 1a), all five search terms demonstrated peak interest (100%) during the month of May 2013, following Angelina Jolie's announcement that she had undergone a prophylactic double mastectomy in the same month. (Reuters Health) - Celebrities who endorse specific foods in TV commercials are a powerful influence on children, and that effect may extend beyond the advertisement itself, according to a new study from the UK. Currently, people like Kanye West and Kyrie Irving spew antisemitism. Celebrity medical advice may alter how people perceive health information and how it is produced in the first place. PMC legacy view This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Additional file 2:(27K, docx)Pilot search strategy. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. So why is that people with little or no medical experience can have such a significant influence on public health trends? When it comes to established medical opinion, however, it is arguable whether actors and TV presenters are the people best positioned to do the challenging. All rights reserved. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. For instance, fear of needles may be viewed as a health-related attitude that will influence whether an individual seeks vaccination. These calibration exercises will be repeated until all four reviewers agree on a reliable set of data extraction forms and achieve near-perfect consistency in the extraction process. In order to effectively analyze such a heterogeneous pool of data and offer meaningful conclusions, studies will be categorized by common themes and outcomes. For questions in which it is plausible, we will conduct meta-analyses. Stay up-to-date on the biggest health and wellness news with our weekly recap. Marketing studies explained that celebrities characteristics are transferred to endorsed products which lends credibility to these products. People follow celebrity medical advice to gain social status and shape their social identities. Therefore, it may be important to combine celebrity advocacy with expert-led patient education in order to provide complete and accurate information about health issues and appropriately guide patient behavior [1012]. There is a growing interest in analyzing whether celebrity influence, in fact, has a positive or negative outcome on health and behavior. . Hoffman SJ, Tan C. Following celebrities medical advice: meta-narrative analysis. Celebrity illnesses raise awareness but can give wrong message. After data extraction is performed, discrepancies will be discussed until full agreement is reached among the extractors. Now more than ever, we must resist the urge to close this book before its been written.. As such, we defined health-related attitudes to encompass this range of perceptions that help to shape individuals intentions to perform health-related behaviors. Carrey is just one of many celebrities associated with the anti-vaccination movement in the US, a movement that several health experts have attributed recent whooping cough and measles epidemics to. People unconsciously rationalize following celebrity medical advice to reduce the psychological discomfort that may otherwise result from holding incompatible views. An expert explains both the . The new PMC design is here! They can influence what clothes people wear, what music people listen to and what food people eat. It's natural, albeit unhealthy, to compare yourself to other people. This approach combines free-coding, iterative categorization of text fragments, and reciprocal translational analysis from meta-ethnography with grounded theorys inductive approach and constant comparison method [38, 39]. We will address this issue by developing two independent strategies for data analysisone for quantitative studies and the other for qualitative studies. Recommended items to include in a systematic review protocol. We will focus on identifying the impact of celebrities advice on various health-related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and status outcomes. MacArthur GJ, Wright M, Beer H, Paranjothy S. Impact of media reporting of cervical cancer in a UK celebrity on a population-based cervical screening programme. Newsworthiness and the star quality of celebrities allow them to feature prominently within social networks and achieve great influence. Kanye alone . 2016;13b(1). SJH, YM, NN, and LS led the preparation of this manuscript. about navigating our updated article layout. Why is this important? As such, public figures and celebrities generally follow the rule that in order to maintain their social standing and avoid controversy, they should remain silent on their political beliefs. If there had been a case in which a consensus could not be reached, the principal investigator (SJH) would have been consulted, although that was never necessary. Celebrities have a huge influence on social issues in the society, serving as a role model to many. As there will be a large number of studies in this review, data extraction will be completed by two pairs of extractors (four reviewers total), with each pair randomly assigned half of the studies. People consume items to acquire the endorsing celebrities traits, which have become associated with the product. But did you know that weight gain tends to sneak up, and that our diet influences our children's genes? This has been addressed by conducting data extraction in three distinct stages, with the first twostages analyzing the study designs and outcome measures in order to group them before proceeding with the final phase of data extraction. Celebrity endorsements influence advertising effectiveness, brand recognition, brand recall, a consumer's purchase intentions and his or her purchase behavior (Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011). A gastric bypass, or bariatric surgery, is a procedure that aims to help manage obesity. Yoni Freedhoff, Email: ac.lacidemimb@ffohdeerfrd. While it is one thing to promote a certain item of food as healthy, however, it is quite another to recommend a form of medical practice, especially if it concerns a particularly deadly disease such as cancer and the practice in question does not conform to mainstream medical opinion. Maltby J, Giles DC, Barber L, McCutcheon LE. Endorsements from celebrities activate brain regions associated with trustful behavior and memory formation, thereby improving attitudes toward and recognition of the endorsed item. The first data abstraction form that will be utilized with all studies in order to collect population, intervention, methodology, and preliminary outcome information. Some might consider these positions to be examples of free-thinking, stating that it is important to challenge established ideas. The pattern of increased attendance mirrored the pattern of media coverage of Jade Goodys diagnosis and death, the authors write. For the purposes of this review, we are interested in examining both positive and negative celebrity influences as it applies to all individuals, both healthy and unhealthy, and thus defined a health-related behavior as any action that may promote or diminish ones health status, be that physical, mental, or emotionalwell-being. Thematic synthesis of qualitative research will also shed light on individual factors that may render certain groups of individuals more susceptible to celebrity influence. JNL is a Professorin the departments of Health Evidence and Impact and Political Science, Director of the McMaster Health Forum, Associate Director of the Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, and Canada Research Chair in Evidence-Informed Health Systems at McMaster University, and Adjunct Professor of Global Health at the Harvard School of Public Health. Such celebrity advocacy can be counterproductive to the efforts of public health organizations that invest substantial resources in promoting the life-saving benefits of immunization [19]. A study published in the Journal of Medical Screening reported that about half a million extra cervical screening attendances occurred in England during the period in which Jade Goody announced her diagnosis and died, with attendances 70% higher than expected at their peak. Qualitative studies will be assessed for quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP)approach, given its widely cited use in qualitative reviews and recommendation from the Cochrane Qualitative Research Methods Group. However, their impact on public health is equivocal: depending on the advice's validity and applicability, celebrity engagements can benefit or hinder efforts to educate patients on evidence-based practices and improve their health literacy. Friedman SM, Dunwoody S, Rogers CL, editors. This essay has been submitted by a student. All rights reserved. Driessens O. The Health Belief Model proposed that individuals perceptions of susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers related to health-related issues are precursors for their readiness to act and perform various health-related behaviors [28]. Disagreements were resolved through discussion; if consensus could not be reached, the principal investigator would have been consulted, although that was never necessary. (DOCX 117kb), Adapted search strategies for each database. Reports the search phrases and the databases on which the pilot search was conducted. You've successfully subscribed to this newsletter! The WHO has a plan for combatting the European regions obesity epidemic, one that places less responsibility for healthy eating on the individual. A few months ago, Carrey sent out a series of messages on Twitter in response to the California government passing a law that removed the ability for parents to opt out of vaccinating their appropriately-aged children for personal or religious reasons, implying that mandatory vaccines contain dangerous levels of mercury and aluminum. Yet, despite this existing evidence about why people trust celebrities with their health, there is less evidenceand, to the best of our knowledge, no synthesized evidencemeasuring the magnitude of this influence and the conditions that mediate it across different contexts. (DOCX 80kb), Data abstraction form phase 1. Sabel MS, Cin SD. To explore possible links between Angelina's announcement and public health, we surveyed 356 adults immediately after the announcement. Celebrity Endorsements May Impact How Much Kids Eat. With the goal of conducting the most comprehensive review possible, we aimed to maximize the sensitivity of our search by encompassing a broad range of potential celebrity interventions and health-related outcome measures in the search terms. The influence of this celebrity seems to have more of an impact on their behavior than on the kids who watched commercials for toys and nuts. The outcomes of interest in this review can be divided into short-, medium-, and long-term effects of celebrity intervention on health-related outcomes. Navneet Natt, Email: ac.otnorotu.liam@ttan.teenvan. Demi Lovato. We adapted the generic search strategy for the following ten electronic databases (see Additional file 3 for all adapted search strategies): CINAHL (1982 to July 2014); Communication Complete (1915 to July 2014); EMBASE (1947 to July 2014); Journals @ Scholars Portal (no date restrictions); OVID MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations (1946 to July 2014); Proquest Dissertations & Theses A&I electronic database (all dates); PsycINFO (1806 to July 2014); PubMed (1966 to July 2014); Social Sciences Citation Index (1976 to July 2014); and Sociological Abstracts (1952 to July 2014). With social media, it is now easier than ever for celebrities, journalists, and amateur bloggers to communicate directly with the public to influence their knowledge, attitudes, and/or behaviors; as technology further develops, this ability of non-experts to reach the masses will only increase and become more important to understand [2022]. For continuous outcomes, mean differences and 95% confidence intervals will be used for pooling outcomes reported on the same scales or measured in the same units. Celebrities can have a tremendous influence on the knowledge we retain, the attitudes we adopt, and the decisions we make, including those that affect our health [1-4].A previous systematic meta-narrative analysis identified 14 biological, psychological, and social mechanisms through which celebrities influence our health-related behaviors, illustrating how the mechanics of . This protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42015019268). We will be conservative in our methodology by employing a random-effects meta-analysis as it considers both within- and between-study heterogeneity. Intense-personal celebrity worship and body image: evidence of a link among female adolescents. Within observational evaluations, both ecological studies (i.e., comparisons of groups rather than individuals) and individual-level studies (e.g., surveys of opinions) will be assessed. This is not the first instance where famous musicians have been found to advertise unhealthy food items to the public through media outlets. The influence of celebrities on culture is undeniable, but would you trust a pop star to help give you advice on mental health? By disseminating our findings to a wide range of stakeholders in the public health arena, health systems can involve celebrities in their efforts to promote positive health messages through opportunistic moments while working in partnership to mitigate the potentially negative impact that celebrities might have. We will then briefly examine the possible mechanisms that could be behind this powerful influence. Archives Archives of Public . This flowchart outlines the process of database searches, hand searches, title and abstract screening, and full-text screening, and lists the number of studies included and excluded with reasons. We searched a combination of health and social sciences databases and additionally looked for gray literature. In fact, they can serve as role models. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http://healthland.time.com/2011/04/26/jenny-mccarthy-vaccine-expert-a-quarter-of-parents-trust-celebrities/, http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cig-gci/p01-02-eng.php. Hoffman SJ, Tan C. Biological, psychological and social processes that explain celebrities influence on patients health-related behaviors. Market data provided by Factset. Celebrity endorsements of cancer screening. However, it is not just Academy Award-winning actors that can have a significant impact on health care trends. (2) How large of an impact do celebrities actually have on these health-related outcomes? Everyone wants to be a celebrity, so it only makes sense that it is fashionable to try and emulate the styles they have. Celebrities and medicine: a potent combination. Celebrities can have a positive influence on youth. In the medium-term, celebrities may change the health-related attitudes and/or behaviors of the public. Celebrities can have a tremendous positive impact in influencing human behavior. According to Mark Harvey, the author of the 2018 book, "Celebrity Influence: Politics, Persuasion and Issue-Based Advocacy," there are generally two kinds of celebrity power: "the ability to . According to a new study, Hollywood has a big impact on how we seek treatment for health conditions. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses will offer additional insights as to which contextual factors either enhance or diminish the aforementioned celebrity effect. Under what circumstances do celebrities produce either beneficial or harmful impacts? Finally, the sociology literature explained how the spread of celebrity advice through social networks increases its influence and that people follow this advice to acquire celebrities social capital [5, 6]. Yasmeen Mansoor, Email: ac.cbu.inmula@roosnam.neemsay. Viale PH. Data will be transformed to allow analyses with mean differences wherever possible. Legal Statement. Treatments for obesity include lifestyle remedies, such as dietary changes and exercise. The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0395-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. The There were no language restrictions and the databases were searched from their earliest date of inception. Celebrity Influence. This may have lessened patients fears about a loss of sexual identity post-preventative surgery and encouraged those who had not previously engaged with health services to consider genetic testing, he said. Effect sizes for non-continuous outcomes will be measured by combining risk ratios. After finalizing the standardized data extraction forms, they will be implemented in Distiller SR online software to maximize efficiency of the data extraction process. Background. (King 4) This means that more of the media swarms with news about the bad decisions celebrities make. FOIA Larson RJ, Woloshin S, Schwartz LM, Welch HG. (DOCX 147kb), Title and abstract screening form. In addition, these findings can help inform the development of media reporting guidelines pertaining to celebrity health news and provide guidance to public health authorities on whether and how to respond to or work with celebrities. In addition, these outcomes were evaluated across various populations, environments, and interventions. The health belief model: a decade later. Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. In line with our third research question, we will also extract information on any factors identified as mediators of celebrities impact on health-related outcomes and make note of any themes or trends that are uncovered. Similar to the calibration exercises, disagreements will be resolved by discussion between reviewers to achieve consensus and consultation with the principal investigator if necessary. Despite overwhelming scientific evidence that vaccines are beneficial, they endlessly repeat a variety false claims, wrote Steven Salzberg, a professor of biomedical engineering, computer science and biostatistics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, MD, in Forbes earlier this year. Adding peanuts, spices to diet may improve gut health in 46 weeks, Vitamin D supplements may not reduce statin-associated muscular pain, Dementia risk: Ultra-processed foods may accelerate cognitive decline, Too much sodium, not enough potassium may lead to cognitive decline, Daniel Bubnis, M.S., NASM-CPT, NASE Level II-CSS, Gastric bypass: What it is and what to expect, Obesity: New WHO report shifts focus from the individual to societal causes, 'No peeing in the pool,' say researchers - it can pose serious health risks. Studies that met the inclusion criteria will be assessed for bias using either the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Trials or the Cochrane Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies for Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, depending on study design [32, 33]. In the weeks following this disclosure, the US Centers for Disease Control and Preventions National AIDS Hotline reported over 28,000 calls from people expressing an increased concern about HIV/AIDS and seeking AIDS-related information [8]. 2022 FOX News Network, LLC. In addition, it is recognized that many soft drink manufacturers also have used famous celebrities (with substantial endorsement agreements) to extend the influence of their brand to children. Qualitative research evidence will specifically allow us to better understand the meaning of the quantitative data, explore how individuals or groups may perceive certain celebrity interventions, and better understand the biological, psychological, and social mechanisms underlying the factors that mediate any influence. Decades of research on publicized celebrity events and health disclosures have shown that attachment to celebrities can make their personal struggles and causes-such as HIV prevention, mental. Since we know that the studies will measure outcomes of interest in different units, synthesized effect sizes of continuous outcomes will additionally be measured using the standardized mean difference (SMD) (also sometimes labeled the effect size). The first data abstraction form that will be utilized with all studies in order to collect population, intervention, methodology, and preliminary outcome information. Kalichman SC, Hunter TL. Studies without a control group will still be included in the review for the purposes of qualitative synthesis; however, only studies that assess the intervention in comparison to a control group will be included in the meta-analysis. She's going to be receiving a lot of attention in 2019, although that's something that's a little daunting for Larson. 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